The BRICS Order: Assertive Or Complementing The West?

Acknowledgements......Page 6
 Contents......Page 8
 Notes on Contributors......Page 10
 List of Figures......Page 13
 List of Tables......Page 16
Introduction......Page 18
The Great Recession and Its Aftermath, 2008–2018......Page 20
New and Re-Emerging Actors in the Global Economy, 2000–2008......Page 23
Russia......Page 24
India......Page 25
South Africa......Page 26
The Global South, from Bandung to NIEO......Page 28
From IBSA to BRICS......Page 32
2nd Summit (2010)......Page 33
3rd Summit (2011)......Page 34
6th Summit (2014)......Page 35
9th Summit (2017)......Page 36
Literature Review......Page 37
Theoretical Underpinnings......Page 38
Accounting for the Rise......Page 39
Implications......Page 42
Impetus for, and Outline of, the Book......Page 43
Bibliography......Page 48
Introduction......Page 52
Democracy: A Brief Conceptual Definition......Page 54
BRICS Countries’ Autochthonous Political Systems......Page 55
Brazil......Page 57
Brazilian Democracy and the US......Page 59
India......Page 61
Indian Democracy......Page 63
South Africa......Page 65
The Winning of South African Democracy......Page 66
Towards a Non-Western Democratic Framework: A Growing Literature......Page 72
Conclusion......Page 74
Bibilography......Page 75
3 Brics, Brazil and Africa: Economic Potential and Challenges......Page 81
BRICS Challenges and Potential: The Monetary-Financial Dimension......Page 82
BRICS Challenges and Potential: The Productive Dimension......Page 85
Brazil-Africa: Economic Relations (1997–2017)......Page 91
Conclusions......Page 102
Bibliography......Page 105
Introduction......Page 107
India’s Economic Profile......Page 108
India’s Trade......Page 109
India’s Aggregate Exports for One Year (September 2017–August 2018)......Page 110
Imports......Page 111
Indian Foreign Policy......Page 112
Geographical Factors......Page 114
Foreign Policy Making......Page 115
BRICS, India and the Current Global Order......Page 116
Counterbalancing China......Page 117
India, the UK and the EU......Page 119
India and the US......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 122
Bibilography......Page 123
Introduction—The BRICS Vision......Page 125
Trade and Investment......Page 127
Economic Growth and the Chinese Dream......Page 129
Common Development......Page 130
South–South Cooperation......Page 131
Transforming the Global System of Governance......Page 132
International Stability......Page 134
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)......Page 136
Strengthening BRICS Cooperation and Global Governance Reform......Page 137
Conclusion—China and BRICS......Page 139
Bibilography......Page 141
Introduction......Page 143
BRICS and South African Agency in World Affairs......Page 145
South Africa’s Attraction to BRICS?......Page 149
Why Is South Africa so Committed to the BRICS? What Is in It for Pretoria?......Page 153
Three Key South African Policy Rationales......Page 154
Three Key Policy Drivers for South Africa......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 159
Bibliography......Page 161
Introduction......Page 164
Sino-Indian Relations in Historical Perspective......Page 165
An Achilles’ Heel?......Page 166
India’s Japan-Allied Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative......Page 167
The Pakistan Problem......Page 168
Implications for BRICS?......Page 170
Agreeing to Disagree?......Page 172
The Nuclear Factor?......Page 173
The Paradox......Page 174
Where to from Here?......Page 175
Bibiography......Page 176
Introduction......Page 179
China in the East African Region and the Horn of Africa......Page 187
Kenya’s ‘Look East’ Policy Amid Western Influence......Page 188
China-Africa Lopsided Partnership: The Case of Sino-Kenyan Cooperation......Page 194
Chinese Influence Through Education and Culture......Page 197
The Politics of Sino-Kenyan Cooperation......Page 198
Cronyism, Rent Seeking and Politics of Extraversion in Kenya......Page 199
Infrastructure Programmes......Page 201
China’s Influence in Africa: Interests Versus Normative Politics......Page 204
The Undercurrents of China–Africa Partnership......Page 207
Conclusion......Page 210
Bibilography......Page 212
Introduction......Page 217
Optimism, Pessimism, Pragmatism......Page 219
Analysis: Optimism, Pessimism and Pragmatism in the Media......Page 223
Conclusion......Page 229
Bibliography......Page 230
BRICS Educational Collaboration: A General Introduction......Page 234
Academic Revolution: Towards Formation of Transnational Educational Capitalism......Page 236
Excellence Projects: Paving the Way for Transnational Education......Page 242
Horizontal University Networks: Addressing Common Problems......Page 246
The BRICS: An Alternative Vision?......Page 252
Bibliography......Page 257
Introduction......Page 261
The Road to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)......Page 266
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)......Page 271
Technical Description of Industry 4.0......Page 272
Global South’s Competitiveness in Industry 4.0......Page 278
Conclusion......Page 289
Bibliography......Page 291
Introduction......Page 294
Misguided Skills Development in BRICS Nations?......Page 296
How Emerging Markets and Developed Nations Battle for (AI) Supremacy, While Dominating in Their Own Domains......Page 302
Successful Policies that Drive Industry 4.0 in Developed Countries......Page 303
Digitisation, Social Transformation, and Business Model Changes......Page 307
Successful Policies That Drive Industry 4.0 in Developed Countries (Non-European Countries)......Page 308
Plattform Industry 4.0......Page 311
Japan’s New Robot Strategy......Page 312
Manufacturing USA (Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 (AMP 2.0))......Page 313
BRICS Nations’ Challenges in Terms of Industry 4.0......Page 314
BRICS Initiatives Towards Industry 4.0......Page 315
Brazil......Page 316
India......Page 317
South Africa......Page 318
The Social, Political, and Economic Position of Africa......Page 319
The Changing Social, Political, and Economic Fortunes of Africa......Page 324
Case Study: Enabling Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Through Sensing......Page 325
Case Study: Water 4.0......Page 328
Conclusion......Page 330
Bibliography......Page 331
Introduction......Page 334
The IMF......Page 337
IMF Structure......Page 338
BRICS......Page 341
The New Development Bank......Page 342
China’s Growth and Appeal in Africa......Page 344
FOCAC and Its Impact on Africa–Chinese Relations......Page 346
Challenging or Supplementing Bretton Woods Institutions?......Page 347
Conclusion......Page 349
Bibliography......Page 350
14 Conclusion......Page 353
Bibliography......Page 357
Index......Page 358