The Blue Economy: An Asian Perspective

An Introductory Note
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Contributors
About the Editors
Part I: Blue Economy: An Overview
	Chapter 1: Blue Economy: An Overview
		1.1 Introduction: Defining Blue Economy
		1.2 From Ocean Economy to Blue Economy: A Conceptual Evolution
		1.3 Contributions of Blue Economy: Measurement and Valuation
		1.4 Opportunities and Challenges
		References
	Chapter 2: Advancement of Science and Technology: Future Prospect of Blue Economy
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Potentials and Opportunities of the Blue Economy in South Asia
		2.3 Existing and Established Sectors of the Ocean Economy in South Asia
			2.3.1 Fisheries and Aquaculture in South Asia
			2.3.2 Shipping and Shipbreaking in South Asia
			2.3.3 Coastal Tourism
			2.3.4 Port Development
			2.3.5 Marine-Based Energy
		2.4 Existing Scientific and Technological Innovation in the Ocean Economy
			2.4.1 Marine Aquaculture
			2.4.2 Technologies for Exploration and Decommission of Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms
			2.4.3 Ballast Wastewater Management Technologies
			2.4.4 Oil Spill Management Technologies
			2.4.5 Digital Navigation and Sea Traffic Management
			2.4.6 Other Incremental Ocean Technologies
		2.5 Conclusion: Progression of Future Technologies—Future Prospect of Ocean Economy in South Asia
		References
	Chapter 3: Marine Ecosystems and the Blue Economy: Policies for Their Sustainable Exploitation
		3.1 Background to Oceans and Coasts
		3.2 The Use of the Ecosystem Approach
		3.3 Global Estimates of the Value of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
		3.4 Trends in Services Provided by Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Reasons for the Trends
			3.4.1 Trends in Global Values
			3.4.2 Trends in Biomes
			3.4.3 Potential for Use of Marine Ecosystems to Promote Sustainable Blue Growth
			3.4.4 Multi-use Offshore Platforms (MUOPs)
		3.5 Algae for Industry and Biofuels
			3.5.1 Oil and Gas Extraction
		3.6 Aquaculture
		3.7 Policies that Impact on Marine Ecosystems
		3.8 Policies Targeting Conservation
			3.8.1 Regional Governance
			3.8.2 Private Governance
		3.9 Fiscal Reforms
			3.9.1 Taxation
			3.9.2 Subsidies
			3.9.3 Ecological Financial Transfers
		3.10 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Provisioning Services
	Chapter 4: Analysis of Trade Liberalization of the Blue Economy in Indian Ocean Rim Association
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Literature Review
		4.3 Methodology and Data
		4.4 Model Structure
		4.5 Results
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Role and Prospect of Marine Biotechnology in Blue Economy
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Strategic Importance of the Blue Economy toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		5.3 Role of Marine Biotechnology for Building the Blue Economy
			5.3.1 Marine Biotechnology: A Fast-Emerging Sector of Blue Economy
			5.3.2 Ocean Bioprospecting: Mining the Untouched Prospective of Living Marine Assets
			5.3.3 Marine Metagenomics for Bioprospecting and Drug Discovery
		5.4 Market Trends of Blue Biotechnology
			5.4.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
			5.4.2 Microbiomes
			5.4.3 Coatings
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Powering the Blue Economy: An Assessment of Marine Renewable Energies
		6.1 Climate Change and Clean Energy Transition: An Opportunity for Blue Economy
			6.1.1 Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
			6.1.2 Clean Energy Transition and Electricity Generation
			6.1.3 Linking Renewable Energy Resources and the Blue Economy
		6.2 Ocean Renewable Energy Resources
			6.2.1 Kinetic ORERs
				6.2.1.1 Ocean Wave Energy Conversion (OWEC)
				6.2.1.2 Ocean Tidal Energy Conversion
				6.2.1.3 Ocean Current Energy Conversion
			6.2.2 Ocean Salinity Gradient
		6.3 Ocean Renewable Energy Resources and Blue Economy
			6.3.1 Powering Blue Economy with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
			6.3.2 Powering Blue Economy with Offshore Wind Energy (OffWE)
		6.4 Challenges and Future Scope for ORER Adoption
		6.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Transitioning Regional Fisheries and Aquaculture into the Blue Economy Framework
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Current Outlook and Potentials of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Region
		7.3 Challenges to the Transition to the Blue Economy
		7.4 Managing the Transition: The Way Forward
		7.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 8: Desalination of Ocean Water: How Far Does It Contribute to the Blue Economy?
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Materials and Methods
			8.2.1 Process of Data Collection
			8.2.2 Assessment of Economic Feasibility
			8.2.3 Estimation of Capital Cost
				8.2.3.1 Estimation of Drivers of Capital Cost
				8.2.3.2 Assessment of Plant Capacity
				8.2.3.3 Assessment of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost
			8.2.4 Assessment of Water Price (WP)
			8.2.5 Methodology of Future Simulations with Developed PC and WP Models
		8.3 Influence of Different Factors
		8.4 Challenges and Opportunities
		8.5 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Regulating Services
	Chapter 9: Ocean as a Repository for Waste: An Economic Assessment of Chennai City
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Background
		9.3 Survey Design and Administration
			9.3.1 CV Scenario
		9.4 Empirical Results
			9.4.1 Estimating Average WTP Bids
		9.5 Conclusion
		Appendix 1: Ordered Logit Model on Determinants of WTP for Wastewater Treatment Programs
		Appendix 2: Tobit Model on Determinants of WTP for Wastewater Treatment Programs
		References
	Chapter 10: Blue Carbon Potential of India: The Present State of the Art
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Importance of Blue Carbon
		10.2 Blue Carbon Ecosystems of India
		10.3 The Mangroves of India
			10.3.1 Spatial Distribution
			10.3.2 Measurement of Biomass and Carbon Stock
			10.3.3 Carbon Locked in Live Biomass
			10.3.4 Soil Organic Carbon Pool
		10.4 The Seagrasses of India
			10.4.1 Spatial Distribution
			10.4.2 Carbon Stock in the Live Biomass and Sediments of Seagrass Meadows
			10.4.3 Atmosphere-Hydrosphere CO2 and CH4 Exchange from the Seagrass Water Column
		10.5 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats
		10.6 Economic Evaluation of the Blue Carbon Stock
		10.7 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: The Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in South Asia and the Blue Economy
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Market, Political and Administrative Failures in Managing Marine Resources in the Context of South Asia: Relevant Theory
		11.3 Marine Protected Areas in South Asia
			11.3.1 General Observations on Marine Protected Areas
			11.3.2 Notes on the Extent and the Status of Marine Protected Areas in South Asia
				11.3.2.1 Present Status of MPAs in India
				11.3.2.2 Present Status of MPAs in Pakistan
				11.3.2.3 Present Status of MPAs in Bangladesh
				11.3.2.4 Present Status of MPAs in the Maldives
				11.3.2.5 Present Status of MPAs in Sri Lanka
			11.3.3 How Well Are South Asian Protected Marine Areas Protected?
			11.3.4 Further Observations on the Protection of Marine Resources in South Asia
		11.4 Pollution and Threats to Marine Biodiversity in South Asia: Plastic Wastes and Other Pollutants
			11.4.1 General Observations
			11.4.2 South Asia as a Source of Plastic Waste in Marine Areas
			11.4.3 Economic Issues
		11.5 The Blue Economy and Threats to Sea Turtles
		11.6 Concluding Comments
		References
	Chapter 12: Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems in South Asian Countries: A Review
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Concept of Ecosystem Services
		12.3 Valuation of Ecosystem Services
		12.4 Mangrove Ecosystem: An Overview
		12.5 Mangrove Ecosystem as Service Provider
		12.6 Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Asian Countries: An Overview
		12.7 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Cultural Services
	Chapter 13: Economic Valuation of Ocean-Based and Ocean-Related Tourism and Recreation
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Ocean-Based and Ocean-Related Tourism and Recreation
		13.3 Methodology for Valuing Coastal and Ocean-Based Ecosystem Services
		13.4 A Review of Valuation Studies on Ecosystem Services Related to Coastal Tourism and Recreation
			13.4.1 Tourism and Recreation ES in Coastal Systems
			13.4.2 Tourism-Related Services Provided by Wetlands, Beaches and Coral Reefs
				13.4.2.1 Wetlands
				13.4.2.2 Beaches
				13.4.2.3 Coral Reefs
		13.5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Future Challenges to the Blue Economy
	Chapter 14: Monitoring Health of Oceanic Ecosystem
		14.1 Blue Ecosystem and the Ocean: A Symbiosis
		14.2 Why Is Perseverance Important?
		14.3 Components of Ocean Health
		14.4 Ocean Health Over the Years
		14.5 Methodology of Ranking Ocean Health
		14.6 Assessment of Regions
		14.7 Goal Setting
		14.8 Scores
		14.9 Regional Scores
		14.10 Global Scores
		14.11 Ocean Health Status in Southeast Asia
		14.12 South Asian Ocean Health Rank
		14.13 The Link Between Ocean Health and Human Health
		14.14 Climate Change in the South Asia
		14.15 Declining Oxygen
		14.16 Blue Carbon
		14.17 Rising Sea Levels
		14.18 Health Threats
		14.19 Coral Reefs
		14.20 Danger to the Coral Reefs of South Asia
		14.21 Coral Reef Bleaching
		14.22 Bangladesh
		14.23 Chagos
		14.24 India
		14.25 Maldives
		14.26 Pakistan
		14.27 Sri Lanka
		14.28 Loss to South Asian Economies as a Result of Rising Sea Levels
		14.29 Loss of Food
		14.30 Susceptible Populations
		14.31 What Are the Main Causes for This in South Asia?
		14.32 Pollution
		14.33 How Can Blue Ecosystems’ Health Be Monitored in South Asia?
		References
	Chapter 15: Potential Future Challenges and Impacts on Fisheries and Coastal Economies
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Fishing and Aquaculture in Asia
			15.2.1 Present State
			15.2.2 The Future
		15.3 Deltas in Asia: Present and Future Socioeconomic Estimates
			15.3.1 Estimates of the Future Socioeconomics of the Deltas: Gridded GDP, GDP per Capita, Population and HDI
			15.3.2 Further Interplay of Expected Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Deltas
		15.4 Conclusions and Discussion
		References
Part VI: Ocean Related Policies
	Chapter 16: Present Status of Ocean and International Maritime Regulations and Securities
		16.1 Background
		16.2 International Framework on Oceans Governance
		16.3 Regional Framework on Oceans Impacting Blue Economy: The South Asian Region
		16.4 National Legal and Policy Framework on Oceans Governance: The Driver of Blue Economy
			16.4.1 Laws Relating to the Conservation of Marine Habitats
			16.4.2 Laws Relating to Use of Marine Areas
		16.5 Response to National Maritime Security Challenges
		16.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 17: Ocean Governance and Integrated Ocean Management
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Contribution of Oceans
		17.3 Blue Economy and Challenges
		17.4 Integrated Ocean Management Policy
		17.5 Ocean Governance
			17.5.1 Ingredients of Successful Ocean Governance
			17.5.2 Future Policy for Ocean Governance
		17.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
Word Notes
	Blue Carbon
	Bioprospecting
	Carbon Sequestration
	Carbon Sinks
	Cultural Services
	Ecosystems
	Ecosystem Resilience
	Fossil Fuel
	Non-use Value
	Option Value
	Provisioning Services
	Regulating Services
	Supporting Services
	Use Value
	WTP (Willingness to Pay)
Index