The Bitter Gourd Genome (Compendium of Plant Genomes)

Preface to the Series
Preface to the Volume
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Glimpse on Genomics and Breeding in Bitter Gourd: A Crop of the Future for Food, Nutrition and Health Security
	Abstract
	References
2 Botanical Description of Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Origin and Distribution
	2.3 Taxonomy
		2.3.1 Taxonomy Tree
		2.3.2 Classification
	2.4 Morphology
		2.4.1 Habit
		2.4.2 Seedlings
		2.4.3 Root
		2.4.4 Stem
		2.4.5 Leaves
		2.4.6 Inflorescence/Flowers
		2.4.7 Fruit
		2.4.8 Seeds
	2.5 Floral Biology
	2.6 Sex Phenology
	2.7 Pollination
	2.8 Germination
	2.9 Anatomy
	2.10 Ecology
		2.10.1 Climate and Soil
	2.11 Chemical Composition
	2.12 Economic Botany
		2.12.1 Phytochemical Properties
		2.12.2 Medicinal Uses
	References
3 Medicinal Properties of Bitter Gourd: Bioactives and Their Actions
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Traditional and Ethnomedicinal Uses
	3.3 Bioactive Compounds
		3.3.1 Cucurbitane Triterpenoids
		3.3.2 Antidiabetic Activity Attributed to Cucurbitacins
		3.3.3 Oleanane Triterpenoids
	3.4 Major Bioactive Potential Candidates and Their Mechanism of Action
		3.4.1 Antidiabetic Activity and Antihyperlipedimic Activity
		3.4.2 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity
		3.4.3 Anticancer Activity
		3.4.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity
		3.4.5 Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity
		3.4.6 Wound Healing
	3.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Genetic Resources and Genetic Diversity in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Gene Pools in Momordica
		4.2.1 Primary Gene Pool of Momordica
		4.2.2 Secondary Gene Pool of Momordica
		4.2.3 Tertiary Gene Pool of Momordica
	4.3 Genetic Diversity Study in Bitter Gourd
		4.3.1 Morphological Diversity
		4.3.2 Nutritional Diversity with Regard to Medicinal Properties in Bitter Gourd
		4.3.3 Molecular Marker Diversity
			4.3.3.1 Genetic Diversity Based on Molecular Markers
			4.3.3.2 Genetic Diversity Based on RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR Markers
			4.3.3.3 Genetic Diversity Based on SSR Markers
		4.3.4 Population Structure Study
	4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
5 Cytogenetical Analysis of Bitter Gourd Genome
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Chromosome Number Evolution
		5.1.2 Karyomorphological Analysis
		5.1.3 Heterochromatic Banding and Cytomolecular Analyses
		5.1.4 Meiotic Process and Reproductive Analysis
	References
6 Sex Determination in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Gynoecy in Bitter Gourd
	6.3 Sex Ratio
	6.4 Candidate Genes for Sex Determination
	6.5 Dioecy and Monoecy in Momordica Species
	References
7 Tissue Culture, Genetic Engineering, and Nanotechnology in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Tissue Culture
		7.2.1 Micropropagation and Tissue Culture
		7.2.2 Rooting
		7.2.3 Acclimatization
		7.2.4 Secondary Metabolite Production
	7.3 Genetic Transformation
	7.4 Nanotechnology
	7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
8 Classical Genetics and Traditional Breeding
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Classical Genetics in Bitter Gourd
		8.2.1 Genetics of Different Quantitative and Qualitative Characters
			8.2.1.1 Seed and Fruit Characters
			8.2.1.2 Sex Expression
			8.2.1.3 Yield Characters
		8.2.2 Inheritance for Resistance to Pest and Diseases
		8.2.3 Molecular Genetic Mapping Efforts
		8.2.4 Limitations of Genetic Linkage Mapping
	8.3 Traditional Breeding
		8.3.1 Traditional Breeding Objectives and Achievements
		8.3.2 Breeding Methods
		8.3.3 Breeding Systems
			8.3.3.1 Heterosis Breeding
			8.3.3.2 Polyploidy Breeding
	8.4 Limitations of Traditional Breeding and Rationale for Molecular Breeding
	8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
	References
9 Molecular Linkage Mapping in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Molecular Markers in Bitter Gourd
		9.2.1 Sequencing-Based Markers
	9.3 Construction of Genetic Linkage Maps
	9.4 Genetic Mapping of Qualitative and Quantitative Traits
	9.5 Toward QTL Gene Cloning
	References
10 Genome Sequence of Bitter Gourd and Its Comparative Study with Other Cucurbitaceae Genomes
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Sequencing and Assembly of Bitter Gourd Genome
	10.3 Annotation of Reference Genome Sequence
	10.4 Sequence Divergence in Bitter Gourd Resources
	10.5 Comparative Study with Other Cucurbitaceae Genomes
		10.5.1 Syntey of Bitter Gourd and Other Species
		10.5.2 Diversity of Momordica Species
	10.6 Orthologous Genes for Sex Determination in Cucurbitaceae
	10.7 Genes for Functional Ingredients of Bitter Gourd
		10.7.1 Genes Encoding Ribosome-Inactivating Protein in Bitter Gourd Genome
	10.8 Future Prospects
	References
11 Toward Metabolomics in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Bitterness in Bitter Gourd
	11.3 Bitter Gourd as Medicinal Plant
	11.4 Host–Plant Interaction
		11.4.1 Pathogenic Response
		11.4.2 Plant–Plant Interaction
	11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
12 Future Prospects of Genomics and Breeding in Bitter Gourd
	Abstract
	References