The Birth Of Digital Human Rights: Digitized Data Governance As A Human Rights Issue In The EU

Acknowledgments
	To Those At Home
	To My GSU Family
	To My Oxford Community
	To My MSU Community
	To Those Who Provided a Word, Or a Space, in Due Season
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I The Origin of Digital Human Rights
1 Digitized Data as a Political Object
	The Multiple Uses of Digitized Data
		Internet Data as an Economic Commodity
		Digitized Data Distribution as a Public Good
		Data as Information Weaponry
	The Internet and Data Governance
	Theoretical Foundation
		Phase I: 1970-Mid 1990s
		Phase II: Mid-1990s to Present Day
			The Research Puzzle
	Digital Human Rights Research and Policy Coordination
	Bibliography
2 Digitized Data Protection as a Fundamental Human Right
	Identification of New Human Rights Norms
		What Is a Regime?
	Regime Creation in the European Union
		Who Creates Regimes, and Who Should Be the Primary Actors Interested in a Digital Human Rights Regime?
	The Three Structural Interest Groups
		Economic Interests
		Security Interests
		Digital Human Rights Interests
	Regime Convergence upon the Human Rights Model
		The Importance of Structure and Power
		Institutions, Time, and Efficiency
		Social Norms and Agency
	Explanations of Identity-Based Policies and Policy Congruence
	Gains vs. Losses: Policy Adaptation Across Time
		External Policy Pressures upon EU States
		Internal Policy Pressures upon EU States
	Theoretical Support and Hypothetical Expectations
		Methodological Tests
		National Cases
		Time Frames
		The Role of Text Analyses
	EU Development of DHR Laws
	Bibliography
Part II The Early Years—National Origins of Digital Human Rights
3 Sweden: A History of Informational Access
	Tracing Swedish Data Legislation
	Data Commodification and the Economy
	Security Concerns and Digitized Data
	Digital Human Rights
	Bibliography
4 Germany: Digital Human Rights and a History of Invasive Surveillance
	Data Commodification and the Economy
	Security Concerns and Digitized Data
	Digital Human Rights
	Bibliography
5 The United Kingdom: Business Aligns with Human Rights Advocacy
	Data Commodification and the Economy
	Security Concerns and Digitized Data
	Digital Human Rights
	Bibliography
Part III Regional Policymaking and Digital Human Rights in the Global Sense
6 EU Policy Convergence—Supranational Data Policies in the EU (Mid 1990s–2016)
	The Two-Level Game
	Making Laws in the European Union
	Agenda-Power, Hegemonic Preferences, and Technical Expertise
	External Pressures—Regime Complexity
		Level I: International Regime Memberships
			Council of Europe—“Convention 108”
			OECD Data Policy Guidelines
	Creating Policy Convergence and Hegemonic States
		Level II: The First Institution and the Economic Seeds for an EU Data Regime
		The Data Technology Exports Contribution (DTEC)
		Level II – The Second Institution and the Influence of Security Risks
	The Power of Technical Expertise and Human Rights Advocacy
	Agenda-Setting Power: The EU Commission
	The Outcome: EU Legislation and Digital Human Rights
		General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
	Bibliography
7 Digital Human Rights Expansion by Epistemic Actors, and the Role of Working Party 29
	Norm Entrepreneurs
	Epistemic Communities
	The Article 29 Working Party (WP 29)
	Last Thoughts
	Bibliography
8 Exporting the Digital Human Rights Norm
	EU Digital Human Rights Entrepreneurship: An Example of International Diffusion
	International Norm Diffusion—The Importance of Identity
	International Norm Diffusion and Enforcement—Common Mechanisms
		The Role of Close International Relationships
		EU-US Relations—Exporting Digital Human Rights Through Socialization
		Proactive EU Institutions: CJEU and EDPS as Norm Enforcers
		Punitive Actions: Case Evidence of Institutional Norm Enforcement
			Schrems I Ruling
			Schrems II Ruling
	Non-State Targets: EU as Norm Enforcer to the Private Sector
		Google Spain SL v APED & Mario Costeja Gonzalez
		GDPR Fines
	Last Thoughts
	Bibliography
9 The Future of Digital Human Rights
	Lessons from the Digital Human Rights in the European Union
		Government Obligations to Social Order
	Human Rights and Normative Policymaking: How Many Voices Are Heard?
		Epistemic Advisors and Democratic Deficit
		Exogenous Shocks—Redefining Security Risks and Human Rights
	Outside States’ and Digital Human Rights
		The United States
		China
	Predicting the Future
	Data Utility and the Digital Human Rights of Social Media Platforms
	Final Thoughts
	Bibliography
Index