The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats

Cover......Page 1
The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats - Second Edition......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
List of Sites......Page 16
Plates......Page 22
 1.1 Introduction......Page 30
  1.2.1 Caves formed by dissolution of rocks......Page 33
  1.2.2 Caves formed by lava......Page 43
 1.3 Small-cavity subterranean habitats......Page 44
  1.4.1 Seepage springs and the hypotelminorheic habitat......Page 46
  1.4.3 Intermediate-sized terrestrial shallow subterranean habitats......Page 47
  1.4.6 Soil......Page 49
  1.4.9 Overview of shallow subterranean habitats......Page 51
 1.5 Summary......Page 52
 2.2 Sources of energy......Page 53
  2.2.1 Chemoautotrophy......Page 55
  2.2.2 Percolating water......Page 59
  2.2.3 Flowing water......Page 61
  2.2.4 Wind and gravity......Page 65
  2.2.5 Active movement of animals......Page 66
  2.2.6 Roots......Page 68
 2.3 Summary......Page 69
 3.2 Temporary subterranean visitors......Page 72
 3.3 Residents of cave entrances......Page 75
 3.4 Ecological and evolutionary classications......Page 77
 3.5 Taxonomic review of obligate subterranean species......Page 79
  3.5.1 Microbes......Page 82
  3.5.2 Invertebrates......Page 83
  3.5.3 Vertebrates......Page 99
 3.6 Subterranean organisms in the laboratory......Page 103
 3.7 Collecting stygobionts and troglobionts......Page 104
 3.8 Summary......Page 108
 4.1 Introduction......Page 109
 4.2 Scale and extent of subterranean ecosystems......Page 110
 4.3 Stream reaches......Page 112
  4.4.1 Caves with surface input......Page 116
  4.4.2 Sulfidic cave systems......Page 118
 4.5 Karst basins......Page 122
 4.6 Summary......Page 125
 5.2 Species interactions—generalities......Page 127
 5.3 Predator–prey interactions—beetles and cricket eggs in North American caves......Page 129
 5.4 Competition and other interactions in Appalachian cave streams......Page 133
 5.5 Morphological consequences of competition......Page 137
 5.6 Competition as a result of eutrophication......Page 140
 5.7 Community analysis—generalities......Page 141
 5.8 Epikarst communities......Page 142
 5.9 Interstitial groundwater aquifers......Page 144
 5.10 Overall subterranean community structure in the Jura Mountains......Page 145
 5.11 Summary......Page 147
 6.1 Introduction......Page 148
 6.2 History of concepts of adaptation in subterranean environments......Page 149
 6.3 Adaptation in amblyopsid cave fish......Page 153
 6.4 Adaptation in the amphipod Gammarus minus......Page 159
 6.5 Adaptation in the cave fish Astyanax mexicanus......Page 167
 6.6 Experimental studies of adaptation in other subterranean organisms......Page 172
 6.7 How long does adaptation to subterranean life take?......Page 173
 6.8 Revisiting the selection–neutrality controversy......Page 174
 6.9 Summary......Page 175
 7.1 Introduction......Page 176
 7.2 Colonization of subterranean environments......Page 178
 7.3 What determines success or failure of colonizations?......Page 180
 7.4 Allopatric and parapatric speciation......Page 181
 7.5 Vicariance and dispersal......Page 187
 7.6 Cryptic speciation......Page 194
 7.7 Age of lineages......Page 198
  7.8.1 Asellus aquaticus......Page 199
  7.8.2 Paroster in calcrete aquifers......Page 202
 7.9 Summary......Page 204
 8.1 Introduction......Page 208
 8.2 The struggle to measure subterranean biodiversity......Page 209
 8.3 Caves as islands......Page 215
 8.4 Global species richness......Page 219
 8.5 Regional species richness......Page 224
 8.6 Summary......Page 234
 9.1 Introduction......Page 235
 9.2 Shallow subterranean habitats......Page 236
 9.3 Deep non-cave habitats......Page 245
 9.4 Cave habitats......Page 247
 9.5 Summary......Page 254
 10.1 Introduction......Page 255
 10.2 Rarity......Page 256
 10.3 Other biological risk factors......Page 259
 10.4 Threats to the subterranean fauna......Page 260
  10.4.1 Alteration of the physical habitat......Page 261
  10.4.2 Water quality and quantity......Page 263
  10.4.3 Direct changes to the subterranean fauna......Page 267
 10.5 Site selection......Page 269
 10.6 Protection strategies......Page 272
 10.7 Preserve design......Page 273
 10.8 Summary......Page 275
Glossary......Page 276
Literature Cited......Page 284
Index......Page 320