The Biliary System: Second Edition (Colloquium Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease)

The Biliary System\nColloquium Digital Library of Life Sciences\nColloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease\nABSTRACT\nKey words\nContents\nPreface\nChapter 1: Introduction\nChapter 2: Anatomy of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Gallbladder\n	2.1 THE LIVER\n		2.1.1 Gross and Surface Anatomy\n		2.1.2 Structural Concepts of  Liver Lobes and Segmentation\n		2.1.3 Large Vessels of the Liver\n			2.1.3.1 Portal Veins\n			2.1.3.2 Hepatic Arteries\n			2.1.3.3 Hepatic Veins\n		2.1.4 Lymphatic Drainage\n	2.2 THE BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER\n		2.2.1 Intrahepatic Bile Ducts\n		2.2.2 Extrahepatic Bile Ducts\n		2.2.3 Gallbladder\n	2.3 LIVER, gallbladder, AND BILE DUCT CELL TYPES\n		2.3.1 Parenchymal Cells\n			2.3.1.1 Hepatocytes\n		2.3.2 Sinusoidal Nonparenchymal Cells\n			2.3.2.1 Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells\n			2.3.2.2 Kupffer Cells\n		2.3.3 Perisinusoidal Nonparenchymal Cells\n			2.3.3.1 Hepatic Stellate Cells\n			2.3.3.2 Pit Cells\n		2.3.4 Gallbladder Cells\n		2.3.5 Bile Duct Epithelial Cell\nChapter 3: Physical Chemistry of  Bile\n	3.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BILE\n	3.2 BILIARY CHOLESTEROL\n	3.3 BILIARY BILE ACIDS\n	3.4 BILIARY PHOSPHOLIPIDS\n	3.5 Bile pigments\nChapter 4: Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism\n	4.1 Physical chemistry of cholesterol\n	4.2 Features of cholesterol balance in the body\n	4.3 CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS RATES\n	4.4 CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS\n		4.4.1 The Conversion of   Three Acetyl CoA Molecules to Mevalonate\n		4.4.2 Synthesis of   Two Activated Isoprenes from Mevalonate\n		4.4.3  Synthesis of the 30-Carbon Squalene from Six Activated 5-Carbon Isoprenes\n		4.4.4 Cholesterol Is Synthesized from Squalene via Lanosterol\n	4.5 Regulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis\nChapter 5: Physical Chemistry and Hepatic Metabolism of   Bile Acids\n	5.1  Chemical STRUCTURE AND PHYSIcal-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BILE ACIDs\n	5.2 HYDROPHILIC-HYDROPHOBIC BALANCE OF BILE ACIDS\n	5.3 BILE ACID BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS\n	5.4 REGULATION OF BILE ACID BIOSYNTHESIS\n	5.5 INHIBITORY MECHANISMS OF FXR signaling  ON CYP7A1\n		5.5.1 The FXR /SHP Pathway\n		5.5.2 The FXR /FGF19/ FGFR4 Pathway\n	5.6 FXR-INDEPENDENT BILE ACID INHIBITION OF CYP7A1\nChapter 6: The Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids\n	6.1 PHYSIOLOGY OF  THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION\n	6.2 BILE ACID POOL AND KINETICS\n	6.3 DRIVING FORCES OF THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION\n	6.4  KINETICS AND REGULATION OF THE  ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION\n		6.4.1 The Hepatic Uptake of  Bile Acids\n			6.4.1.1 Hepatic Sinusoidal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake\n			6.4.1.2 Hepatic Sinusoidal Sodium-Independent Bile Acid Uptake\n		6.4.2 The Canalicular Transport of  Bile Acids\n		6.4.3 The Role of Gallbladder in the Enterohepatic Circulation\n		6.4.4  The Role of the Intestine in the Maintenance of the Enterohepatic Circulation\n			6.4.4.1  Ileal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake\n		6.4.5 The Role of Kidneys in the Enterohepatic Circulation\n			6.4.5.1 Renal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake\nChapter 7: Hepatic Secretion of Biliary Lipids and Bile Formation\n	7.1 Structure of the Bile Secretory Apparatus\n	7.2 SOURCE OF LIPIDS SECRETED IN BILE\n	7.3 BILIARY LIPID SECRETION\n	7.4 Canalicular Bile Flow\n		7.4.1 Bile Acid-Dependent Bile Flow\n		7.4.2 Bile Acid-Independent Bile Flow\n	7.5 PHYSICAL STATES OF BILIARY LIPIDS\n	7.6 BILIARY MICELLES\n	7.7  BILIARY VESICLES, NONMICELLAR CARRIERS OF  CHOLESTEROL IN BILE\n	7.8  CO-EXISTENCE AND INTERCONVERSION OF MICELLES AND VESICLES IN BILE\nChapter 8: Cholesterol Crystallization and Gallstone Formation\n	8.1 Introduction\n	8.2  Five Primary Defects in the pathogenesis of  cholesterol gallstone disease\n	8.3  Pathophysiology of cholesterol  gallstone formation\n		8.3.1 Phase Diagrams and Cholesterol Solubility in Bile\n		8.3.2 Cholesterol Nucleation and Crystallization in Supersaturated Bile\n		8.3.3 Cholesterol Crystal Detection Time\n		8.3.4 Agents Influencing Cholesterol Nucleation and Crystallization\n		8.3.5 Pro-Nucleating Agents\n		8.3.6 Anti-Nucleating Agents\n		8.3.7 Solid Cholesterol Crystal Growth\n	8.4 Future directions\nChapter 9: Summary\nAcknowledgments\nReferences\nAuthor Biographies\nBlank Page