The Bergsonian Mind

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations and Method of Citation
Introduction
Part I Sources and Scene
	1 The Roots of Bergson’s Concept of Duration Reconsidered
		1.1 Number, Space and Time in of Habit
		1.2 Delboeuf’s Distinction of Vulgar and Scientific Time
		1.3 Lemoine and Egger On Flowing Duration and Pure Succession
		1.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	2 Bergson vs. Herbert Spencer: Real becoming and false evolutionism
		2.1 Time and Free Will: Space and Time, Two Multiplicities
		2.2 A Philosophy of Becoming vs. a Philosophy of Being
		2.3 A Vital Knowledge of Life (New Vitalism)
		2.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	3 Bergson at the Collège De France
		3.1 The Early Years of Bergson’s Teaching
		3.2 A Lack of Seats
		3.3 The Collège vs. the Sorbonne
		3.4 Changing Regulations
		Notes
		References
Part II Mind and World
	4 Duration: A Fluid Concept
		Notes
		Bibliography
	5 Bergson On the Immediate Experience of Time
		5.1 Homogeneous Multiplicity
		5.2 Durée
		5.3 Durée as the ‘Immediate Datum’ of Experience
		5.4 Bergson’s Dual-Aspect Account of Temporal Experience
		5.5 The Priority of Durée
		5.6 Conclusion: Durée From the ‘Conscious Spectator’ to the World at Large
		Notes
		Bibliography
	6 The Perception of Change and Self-Knowledge: Bergson and Kant
		6.1 Bergson’s Interpretation of Kant’s Theory of Time
		6.2 Space and Time in Kant’s Transcendental Aesthetics
		6.3 Time Consciousness, Self-Consciousness, and the Act of Combination
		6.4 Space as an a Priori Form of Experience
		6.5 Self-Consciousness and Knowledge of the External World
		6.6 Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	7 The Kantian Basis of Bergson’s Conception of Freedom
		7.1 Necessity and Freedom
		7.2 Resolution of the Antinomy of Freedom
		7.3 The Fact of Freedom
		7.4 The Heteronomous Will and the Parasitic Self
		7.5 Bridging the Immense Gulf
		Notes
		Bibliography
	8 Character and Personality: From a Privileged Image of Durée to the Core of a New Metaphysics
		8.1 Preliminary Considerations
			8.1.1 The Images of Personality
			8.1.2 The Logic of Expression in Bergson’s Notion of Personality
		8.2 Personality as the Privileged Image of Duration
		8.3 The Theory of Personality as Metaphysics
		8.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	9 Subject and Person in Bergson
		Bibliography
	10 Attention to Life and Psychopathology
		10.1 Normal Psychology
		10.2 From the Normal to the Pathological
		10.3 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	11 Bergson On the Emotions
		11.1 James On the Emotions
		11.2 Bergson On the Emotions in Time and Free Will
		11.3 Bergson On Aesthetic and Moral Feelings
		11.4 Bergson On Creative Emotion and the Open Soul
		11.5 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	12 Bergson’s Social Philosophy of Laughter
		12.1 Laughter in the History of Philosophy
		12.2 Rigidity as the Source of the Comic
		12.3 The Social Meaning of Laughter
		12.4 Conclusion
		Note
		References
	13 The Naïve Realism of Henri Bergson
		13.1 Isms and Images
		13.2 Perception and Consciousness
		13.3 Perception and Content
		13.4 Affection and Attention
		13.5 Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	14 Bergson and Metaphysical Empiricism
		14.1 A World of Pure Experience
		14.2 Human Experience and Nature
		14.3 Experience Beyond Action
		14.4 French Philosophies of Radical Experiences
		Notes
		Bibliography
	15 The Psychological Interpretation of Life
		15.1 The Image
		15.2 The Psychology of Effort
		15.3 Élan Vital as Image for Effort
			15.3.1
			15.3.2
			15.3.3
		15.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	16 Bergson On Virtuality and Possibility
		16.1 Virtuality
			16.1.1 The Concept of Virtuality in Deleuze’s Bergsonism
			16.1.2 The Concept of Virtuality in Bergson
				16.1.2.1 The Virtuality of Action
				16.1.2.2 The Virtuality of Memory
		16.1.3 The Merit and Limit of the Deleuzian Interpretation
		16.2 Possibility
			16.2.1 Freedom, Unpredictability, and Retrospective Explicability
			16.2.2 Tracing the Formation of the Critique
			16.2.3 The Structure of the Illusion of Possibility
			16.2.4 Justification for the Critique
		16.3 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	17 Bergsonian Metaphysics: Virtuality, Possibility, and Creativity
		17.1 The Actual/virtual Distinction and the Real/possible Distinction
		17.2 The Implications for Metaphysics
		Notes
		Bibliography
	18 Reflections On the Notion of System in Creative Evolution
		18.1 Naturally, Artificially and Relatively Closed Systems
		18.2 Philosophical Systems
		18.3 Bergsonian Intuition and the Articulations of the Real
		18.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	19 Infinite Divisibility vs. Absolute Indivisibility: What Separates Einstein and Bergson
		19.1 Einstein
		19.2 Bergson
		19.3 Indefinitely Or Infinitely?
		19.4 Two Thinkers, Two World Views, Two Methodologies
		Notes
		References
Part III Ethics and Politics
	20 Closed and Open Societies
		20.2 The Closed Society and the Problem of War
		20.3 The Source of Closed and Open Societies
		20.4 The Problematic Definition of the Open Society
		20.5 Openness, Love, Creation
		20.6 Mysticism, Education, and Society
		Notes
		Bibliography
	21 Bergson On Emotion and Ethical Mobilization
		21.1 Motion and Emotion
		21.2 From “Static” to “Dynamic’’: the Impulse of the Jewish Prophets
		21.3 In the Heat of the Action: Ethical Propagation
	22 Bergson and Sociobiology
		22.1 The Sociobiology of Laughter
		22.2 Living and Living Well
		Bibliography
	23 The Phantom Presence of War in Bergson’s Two Sources
		23.1 Bergson in 1914–18: a Philosopher at War
		23.2 Bergsonism in the Aftermath of the First World War
		23.3 1932: The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
			23.3.1 The Ambiguous Status of War in the Two Sources
			23.3.2 The Concept of Mythmaking Function and Its Relation to the Experience of War
		23.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part IV Reception
	24 Bergson and William James
		24.1
		24.2
		24.3
		24.4
		Notes
		Bibliography
	25 Bergson and German Philosophy
		25.1 Bergson and Jena: a European Anti-Intellectualist Wave
		25.2 Berlin: an A-Tragic Philosophy of Life
		25.3 Heidelberg: Between Historicism and Naturalism
		25.4 Göttingen: Immediate Intuition and Critique of Mechanical Civilization
		25.5 The War and National Philosophical Identity
		Notes
		Bibliography
	26 The Vital Impulse and Early 20th-Century Biology
		26.1 “Only an Image”
		26.2 Life as an Impulse
			26.2.1 An Alternative to the Finalist/mechanist (False) Dichotomy
			26.2.2 The Vital Impulse and the Four Theories of Evolution
			26.2.3 The Impulse and the Meaning of Human Evolution
		26.3 Bergsonian Biologists
			26.3.1 Creative Evolution and the Historiography of Biology
			26.3.2 The Vitalism/mechanism Debate
			26.3.3 Early 20th-Century Evolutionism
		26.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	27 From Time to Temporality: Heidegger’s Critique of Bergson
		27.1 Bergson in Being and Time
		27.2 Heidegger’s Debt to Bergson
		Notes
		References
	28 Russell Reading Bergson
		28.1 Russell’s Encounter With Bergson
		28.2 “The Professor’s Guide to Laughter”
		28.3 Russell’s 1912 Critique of Bergson
		28.4 Carr’s Reply and Russell’s Response
		28.5 Costelloe-Stephen’s Reply
		28.6 Russell Rereads Bergson
		28.7 Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	29 The Concept of Substitution in Bergson and Lévinas
		29.1 Ethics as First Philosophy
		29.2 Lévinas and Bergson
		29.3 Substitution
		29.4 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	30 The Way of the Africans: Césaire, Senghor and Bergson’s Philosophy
		30.1 Négritude and Bergsonism as Philosophies of Life
		30.2 Négritude and Bergsonism On Vital Knowledge
		30.3 Négritude and Bergsonism On Creative Emotion
		Notes
		Bibliography
Part V Bergson and Contemporary Thought
	31 Irreducibility, Indivisibility, and Interpenetration
		31.1 Unity
		31.2 The Irreducible
		31.3 Temporality
		31.4 Bergson and Temporal Experience
		31.5 Interpenetration
		31.6 From Unity to Interdependence
		Notes
		Bibliography
	32 A Bergsonian Response to McTaggart’s Paradox
		32.1 McTaggart’s Paradox in Three Claims
		32.2 La Durée, Memory and Time
		32.3 A Bergsonian Response to the Paradox
		32.4 Bergson and the A-Series
		32.5 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	33 Bergson and Process Philosophy of Biology
		33.1 ‘Process’ in Contemporary Philosophy of Biology
		33.2 ‘Process’ Reconsidered: Bergson
		33.3 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
	34 Bergson as Visionary in Evolutionary Biology
		34.1 The Reception of Creative Evolution
		34.2 Elan Vital as a Fluid Concept
		34.3 The Relevance of Bergson’s Critique to Contemporary Biology
		34.4 The Evocative Power of the Élan Vital Today
		34.5 Conclusion
		Notes
		Bibliography
	35 ‘Living Pictures’: Bergson, Cinema, and Film-Philosophy
		35.1 The Cinematographic Illusion and the Cinematographic Mechanism of Thought
		35.2 The Cave and the Cinema
		35.3 The Circle and the Centre
		35.4 Phantoms of Ideas and Phantoms of Problems
		35.5 Movement Images and Duration Images
		35.6 Coda: Out of Sight?
		Notes
		Bibliography
	36 Anti-Intellectualism: Bergson and Contemporary Encounters
		36.1 Bergsonian Intuition
		36.2 For and Against Irrationalism
		36.3 Contemporary Anti-Intellectualism and Irrationalism
		36.4 Bergsonian Conceptual Intuition?
		Notes
		References
Index