The Atonement (Elements in the Philosophy of Religion)

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
The Atonement......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Introduction......Page 8
1.1 Sacrifice......Page 11
1.1.1 Jesus’s Attitude toward His Death......Page 12
1.1.2 OT Background......Page 13
1.1.2.1 Propitiatory Sacrifices......Page 14
1.1.2.2 Expiatory Sacrifices......Page 15
1.1.2.3 Yom Kippur Sacrifices......Page 17
1.1.3 Christ as Sacrifice......Page 18
1.2 Isaiah’s Servant of the Lord......Page 20
1.3.1 OT Justice Motifs......Page 24
1.3.2 NT Justice Motifs......Page 25
1.3.2.1.2 New Perspective on Paul......Page 26
1.3.2.1.3 Divine Forbearance......Page 27
1.3.2.1.4 Divine Forgiveness......Page 28
1.4.2 Christ as Our Representative......Page 29
1.5 Redemption......Page 31
2 Dogmatic History of the Doctrine of the Atonement......Page 32
2.1 Christus Victor Theory......Page 33
2.2 Satisfaction Theory......Page 35
2.3 Moral Influence Theory......Page 39
2.4.1 The Reformers’ Doctrine......Page 41
2.4.2 Socinus’s Critique......Page 42
2.4.3 Turretin’s Defense......Page 46
2.5 Governmental Theory......Page 52
2.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 56
3.1 Penal Substitution......Page 57
3.1.1.1 The Alleged Incoherence of Penal Substitution......Page 59
3.1.1.2.1 Penal Substitution without Punishment......Page 60
3.1.1.2.2 Punishment without Expressivism......Page 61
3.1.1.2.4 Condemnation of Christ without Personal Sin and Guilt......Page 64
3.1.1.2.4.1 Imputation of Sins and Legal Fictions......Page 65
3.1.1.2.4.2 Imputation of Guilt and Vicarious Liability......Page 68
3.1.2.1 The Alleged Injustice of Penal Substitution......Page 71
3.1.2.2.2 Metaethical Contextualization......Page 73
3.1.2.2.3 The Nature of Retributive Justice......Page 74
3.1.2.2.4 Prima Facie vs. Ultima Facie Justification of Punishment......Page 76
3.1.2.2.5 Punishment and the Imputation of Sins......Page 78
3.2.1 The Alleged Unsatisfactoriness of Penal Substitution......Page 80
3.2.2.1 Metaethical Contextualization......Page 81
3.2.2.2 Imputation and Satisfaction of Justice......Page 82
3.2.2.3.1 Substitution and Representation......Page 83
3.2.2.3.2 Christ as Our Substitute and Representative......Page 84
3.2.2.4 Socinus’s Objections......Page 85
3.3 Redemption......Page 86
3.3.2.1 Pardon......Page 87
3.3.2.2.1 Opinion in Garland......Page 88
3.3.2.2.2 Garland Challenged......Page 89
3.3.2.2.3 Garland Exonerated......Page 91
3.3.3.1 Pardon as an Act of Grace......Page 94
3.3.3.2 Challenge of Pure Retributivism......Page 95
3.3.3.3 Response to the Retributivist Challenge......Page 96
3.3.3.4 Reconciliation of Divine Mercy and Justice......Page 97
3.3.4 Redemption and Sanctification......Page 99
3.4.2 Penal Substitution and Moral Influence......Page 100
References......Page 102