The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2022

The ARRL Handbook
	Introduction to the Downloadable Supplemental Content
	Front Matter
		Cover 1
		Cover 2
		Contents
		Preface
		Downloadable Supplemental Content
		The Amateur's Code
		Common Schematic Symbols Used in Circuit Diagrams
		ARRL Membership Benefits and Services
		About ARRL
		US Amateur Radio Bands
	Chapter 1--What is Amateur (Ham) Radio?
		1.1 Do-It-Yourself Wireless
		1.2 Joining the Ham Radio Community
		1.3 Your Ham Radio Station
		1.4 Getting on the Air
		1.5 Your Ham Radio "Lifestyle"
		1.6 Public Service
		1.7 Ham Radio in the Classroom
		1.8 Resources
		1.9 Glossary
	Chapter 2--Electrical Fundamentals
		2.1 Introduction to Electricity
		2.2 Resistance and Conductance
		2.3 Basic Circuit Principles
		2.4 Power and Energy
		2.5 Circuit Control Components
		2.6 Capacitance and Capacitors
		2.7 Inductance and Inductors
		2.8 Semiconductor Devices
		2.9 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 3--Radio Fundamentals
		3.1 AC Waveforms
		3.2 Measuring AC Voltage, Current and Power
		3.3 Effective Radiated Power
		3.4 AC in Capacitors and Inductors
		3.5 Working with Reactance
		3.6 Impedance
		3.7 Quality Factor (Q) of Components
		3.8 Resonant Circuits
		3.9 Analog Signal Processing
		3.10 Electromagnetic Waves
		3.11 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 4--Circuits and Components
		4.1 Practical Resistors
		4.2 Practical Capacitors
		4.3 Practical Inductors
		4.4 Transformers
		4.5 Practical Semiconductors
		4.6 Amplifiers
		4.7 Operational Amplifiers
		4.8 Miscellaneous Analog ICs
		4.9 Analog-Digital Interfacing
		4.10 Analog Device and Circuits Glossary
		4.11 Heat Management
		4.12 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 5--RF Techniques
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Lumped-Element versus Distributed Characteristics
		5.3 Effects of Parasitic (Stray) Characteristics
		5.4 Semiconductor Circuits at RF
		5.5 Ferrite Materials
		5.6 Impedance Matching Networks
		5.7 RF Transformers
		5.8 Noise
		5.9 Two-Port Networks
		5.10 RF Techniques Glossary
		5.11 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 6--Computer-Aided Circuit Design
		6.1 Circuit Simulation Overview
		6.2 Simulation Basics
		6.3 Limitations of Simulation at RF
		6.4 Electromagnetic Analysis of RF Circuits
		6.5 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 7--Power Sources
		7.1 Power Processing
		7.2 AC-AC Power Conversion
		7.3 Power Transformers
		7.4 AC-DC Power Conversion
		7.5 Voltage Multipliers
		7.6 Current Multipliers
		7.7 Rectifier Types
		7.8 Power Filtering
		7.9 Power Supply Regulation
		7.10 "Crowbar" Protective Circuits
		7.11 DC-DC Switchmode Power Conversion
		7.12 High-Voltage Techniques
		7.13 Batteries
		7.14 Glossary of Power Source Terms
		7.15 References and Bibliography
		7.16 Power Source Projects
	Chapter 8--DSP and SDR Fundamentals
		8.1 Introduction to DSP
		8.2 Introduction to SDR
		8.3 Analog-Digital Conversion
		8.4 Data Converters for SDR and DSP
		8.5 Digital Signal Processors
		8.6 Digital (Discrete-time) Signals
		8.7 The Fourier Transform
		8.8 Glossary
		8.9 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 9--Oscillators and Synthesizers
		9.1 How Oscillators Work
		9.2 LC Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO) Circuits
		9.3 Building an Oscillator
		9.4 Crystal Oscillators
		9.5 Oscillators at UHF and Above
		9.6 Frequency Synthesizers
		9.7 Phase Noise
		9.8 Glossary of Oscillator and Synthesizer Terms
		9.9 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 10--Analog and Digital Filtering
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Filter Basics
		10.3 Passive LC Filters
		10.4 Active Audio Filters
		10.5 Digital Filters
		10.6 Quartz Crystal Filters
		10.7 SAW Filters
		10.8 Transmission Line VHF/UHF/Microwave Filters
		10.9 Helical Resonators
		10.10 Filter Projects
		10.11 Filter Glossary
		10.12 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 11--Modulation
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
		11.3 Angle Modulation
		11.4 FSK and PSK
		11.5 Quadrature Modulation
		11.6 Analytic Signals and Modulation
		11.7 Image Modulation
		11.8 Spread Spectrum Modulation
		11.9 Pulse Modulation
		11.10 Modulation Bandwidth and Impairments
		11.11 References and Bibliograpy
	Chapter 12--Receiving
		12.1 Characterizing Receivers
		12.2 Heterodyne Receivers
		12.3 SDR Receivers
		12.4 Mixing and Mixers
		12.5 Demodulation and Detection
		12.6 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
		12.7 Noise Management
		12.8 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 13--Transmitting
		13.1 Characterizing Transmitters
		13.2 Transmitter Architecture
		13.3 Modulators
		13.4 Transmitting CW
		13.5 Transmitting AM and SSB
		13.6 Transmitting Angle Modulation
		13.7 Effects of Transmitted Noise
		13.8 Microphones and Speech Processing
		13.9 Voice Operation
		13.10 Transmitter Power Stages
		13.11 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 14--Transceiver Design Topics
		14.1 Signal Chains in SDR Transceivers
		14.2 User Interfaces
		14.3 Configuration and Control Interfaces
		14.4 SDR Design Tools
		14.5 Transverters
	Chapter 15--Digital Protocols and Modes
		15.1 Digital "Modes"
		15.2 Unstructured Digital Modes
		15.3 Fuzzy Modes
		15.4 Structured Digital Modes
		15.5 Networking Modes
		15.6 Digital Mode Table
		15.7 Glossary
		15.8 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 16--Amateur Radio Data Platforms
		16.1 Platform Overview
		16.2 Sensors
		16.3 Navigation Data and Telemetry
		16.4 Payloads
		16.5 High Altitude Balloon Platforms
		16.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
		16.7 Rockets
		16.8 Robotics
		16.9 Fixed Stations
		16.10 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 17--RF Power Amplifiers
		17.1 High Power, Who Needs It?
		17.2 Types of Power Amplifiers
		17.3 Vacuum Tube Basics
		17.4 Tank Circuits
		17.5 Transmitting Tube Ratings
		17.6 Sources of Operating Voltages
		17.7 Tube Amplifier Cooling
		17.8 Vacuum Tube Amplifier Stabilization
		17.9 MOSFET Design for RF Amplifiers
		17.10 Solid State RF Amplifiers
		17.11 Solid-State Amplifiers and Intermodulation Distortion
		17.12 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 18--Repeaters
		18.1 A Brief History
		18.2 Repeater Overview
		18.3 FM Voice Repeaters
		18.4 D-STAR Repeater Systems
		18.5 Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)
		18.6 System Fusion
		18.7 Other Digital Voice Repeater Technologies
		18.8 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 19--Propagation of Radio Signals
		19.1 Fundamentals of Radio Waves
		19.2 Sky-Wave Propagation and the Sun
		19.3 MUF Predictions
		19.4 Propagation in the Troposphere
		19.5 VHF/UHF Mobile Propagation
		19.6 Propagation for Space Communications
		19.7 Noise and Propagation
		19.8 Propagation Below the AM Broadcast Band
		19.9 Glossary of Radio Propagation Terms
		19.10 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 20--Transmission Lines
		20.1 Transmission Line Basics
		20.2 Transmission Lines--Practical Considerations
		20.3 The Transmission Line as Impedance Transformer
		20.4 Matching Impedances in the Antenna System
		20.5 Baluns and Transmission Line Transformers
		20.6 PC Transmission Lines
		20.7 Waveguides
		20.8 Glossary of Transmission Line Terms
		20.9 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 21--Antennas
		21.1 Antenna Basics
		21.2 Dipoles and the Half-Wave Antenna
		21.3 Vertical (Ground-Plane) Antennas
		21.4 T and Inverted-L Antennas
		21.5 Slopers and Vertical Dipoles
		21.6 Yagi Antennas
		21.7 Quad and Loop Antennas
		21.8 HF Mobile Antennas
		21.9 VHF/UHF Mobile Antennas
		21.10 VHF/UHF Antennas
		21.11 VHF/UHF Beams
		21.12 Radio Direction Finding Antennas
		21.13 Rotators
		21.14 Glossary
		21.15 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 22--Component Data and References
		22.1 Component Data
		22.2 Resistors
		22.3 Capacitors
		22.4 Inductors
		22.5 Transformers
		22.6 Semiconductors
		22.7 Tubes, Wire, Materials, Attenuators, Miscellaneous
		22.8 Computer Connectors
		22.9 AC and Power Connectors
		22.10 RF Connectors and Transmission Lines
		22.11 Reference Tables
	Chapter 23--Construction Techniques
		23.1 Electronic Shop Safety
		23.2 Tools and Their Use
		23.3 Soldering Tools and Techniques
		23.4 Surface Mount Technology (SMT)
		23.5 Constructing Electronic Circuits
		23.6 CAD for PCB Design
		23.7 Microwave Construction
		23.8 Mechanical Fabrication
		23.9 3D Printing
	Chapter 24--Assembling a Station
		24.1 Fixed Stations
		24.2 Mobile Installations
		24.3 Portable Installations
		24.4 Remote Stations
	Chapter 25--Test Equipment and Measurements
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 DC Measurements
		25.3 AC Measurements
		25.4 RF Measurements
		25.5 Receiver Measurements
		25.6 Transmitter Measurements
		25.7 Antenna System Measurements
		25.8 Miscellaneous Measurements
		25.9 Construction Projects
		25.10 References
	Chapter 26--Troubleshooting and Maintenance
		26.1 Test Equipment
		26.2 Components
		26.3 Getting Started
		26.4 Inside the Equipment
		26.5 Testing at the Circuit Level
		26.6 After the Repairs
		26.7 Professional Repairs
		26.8 Typical Symptoms and Faults
		26.9 Radio Troubleshooting Hints
		26.10 Antenna Systems
		26.11 Repair and Restoration of Vintage Equipment
		26.12 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 27--RF Interference
		27.1 Managing Radio Frequency Interference
		27.2 FCC Rules and Regulations
		27.3 Elements of RFI
		27.4 Identifying the Type of RFI Source
		27.5 Locating Sources of RFI
		27.6 Power-Line Noise
		27.7 Elements of RFI Control
		27.8 Troubleshooting RFI
		27.9 Automotive RFI
		27.10 RFI Projects
		27.11 RFI Glossary
		27.12 References and Bibliography
	Chapter 28--Safe Practices
		28.1 Electrical Safety
		28.2 Antenna and Tower Safety
		28.3 RF Safety
	Advertising
	Index
	Space Communications
		1 Amateur Satellite History
		2 Satellite Transponders
		3 Satellite Tracking
		4 Satellite Ground Station Antennas
		5 Satellite Ground Station Equipment
		6 Satellite Antenna Projects
		7 Satellite References and Bibliography
		8 Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) Communication
		9 EME Propagation
		10 Fundamental Limits
		11 Building an EME Station
		12 Getting Started with EME
		13 EME References
		14 Glossary of Space Communications Terminology
	Digital Communications
		1 Sound Device Modes
		2 Packet Radio
		3 The Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)
		4 PACTOR
		5 High Speed Multimedia (HSMM)
		6 Automatic Link Establishment (ALE)
		7 D-STAR
		8 DMR: Digital Mobile Radio
		9 System Fusion
		10 HF Digital Voice
		11 EchoLink, IRLP and WIRES-X
		12 FT8 and FT4
		13 Bibliography and References
	Digital Basics
		1 Digital vs Analog
		2 Number Systems
		3 Physical Representation of Binary States
		4 Combinational Logic
		5 Sequential Logic
		6 Digital Integrated Circuits
		7 Analog-Digital Interfacing
		8 Microcontroller Overview
		9 Personal Computer Interfaces
		10 Glossary of Digital Electronics Terms
		11 References and Bibliography
	Image Communications
		1 Fast-Scan Amateur Television Overview
		2 Amateur TV Systems
		3 ATV Applications
		4 Video Sources
		5 Glossary of ATV Terms
		6 Slow-Scan Television (SSTV) Overview
		7 SSTV Basics
		8 Analog SSTV
		9 Digital SSTV
		10 Glossary of SSTV Terms
		11 Bibliography and References
	Station Accessories and Projects
		1 A 100-W Compact Z-Match Antenna Tuner
		2 A Microprocessor Controlled SWR Monitor
		3 A 160- and 80-Meter Matching Network for Your 43-Foot Vertical
		4 Switching the Matching Network for Your 43-Foot Vertical
		5 An External Automatic Antenna Switch for Use With Yaesu or ICOM Radios
		6 A Rasberry-Pi Server/Client for Antenna Rotators
		7 Audible Antenna Bridge
		8 A Trio of Transceiver/Computer Interfaces
		9 A Simple Serial Interface
		10 USB Interfaces For Your Ham Gear
		11 Keying and Tube Gear Interfaces
		12 PICAXE-Based Timer
		13 An Arduino-Based Knob Box for SDR
		14 An Audio Intelligibility Enhancer
		15 An Audio Inferface Unit for Field Day and Contesting
		16 Two QSK Controllers for Amplifiers
		17 A Legal-Limit Bias-Tee
		18 An Eight-Channel Remote-Control Antenna Switch
		19 Digital Audio PTT Interface
		20 Arduino-Based CW IDer
	2022 HF Transceiver Survey
	Radio Mathematics
		1 The Metric System
		2 Numbers and Notation
		3 Decibels
		4 Coordinate Systems
		5 Exponential Equations
		6 Complex Numbers
		7 Vectors and Phasors
		8 Boolean Algebra
		9 Tutorials on Mathematics
	Cover III
	Cover IV
	Supplemental Files--2022 ARRL Handbook