The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, and Networking: An Information Technology Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part I An Overview of Computer Systems
	Chapter 1 Computers and Systems
		1.0 Introduction
		1.1 The Starting Point
		1.2 Components of the Computer System
			The Hardware Component
			The Software Component
			The Communication Component
			The Computer System
		1.3 The Concept of Virtualization
		1.4 Protocols and Standards
		1.5 Overview of This Book
		1.6 A Brief Architectural History of the Computer
			Early Work
			Computer Hardware
			Operating Systems
			Communication, Networks, and the Internet
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems Architecture
		2.0 Introduction
		2.1 The General Concept of Systems
		2.2 IT System Architectures
			The Role of the System Architect
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
Part II Data in the Computer
	Chapter 3 Number Systems
		3.0 Introduction
		3.1 Numbers as a Physical Representation
		3.2 Counting in Different Bases
		3.3 Performing Arithmetic in Different Number Bases
		3.4 Numeric Conversion Between Number Bases
			Alternative Conversion Methods
		3.5 A Special Conversion Case—Number Bases That Are Related
		3.6 Fractions
			Fractional Conversion Methods
		3.7 Mixed Number Conversions
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 4 Data Formats
		4.0 Introduction
		4.1 General Considerations
		4.2 Alphanumeric Character Data
		4.3 Visual Data
			Bitmap Images
			Object Images
			Representing Characters as Images
			Video Images
		4.4 Audio Data
		4.5 Data Compression
		4.6 Page Description Languages
		4.7 Internal Computer Data Format
			Numerical Character to Integer Conversion
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 5 Representing Numerical Data
		5.0 Introduction
		5.1 Unsigned Binary and Binary-Coded Decimal Representations
		5.2 Representations for Signed Integers
			Sign-and-Magnitude Representation
			Nine’s Decimal and 1’s Binary Complementary Representations
			Ten’s Complement and 2’s Complement
			Overflow and Carry Conditions
			Other Bases
		Summary of Rules for Complementary Numbers
		5.3 Real Numbers
			A Review of Exponential Notation
			Floating Point Format
			Normalization and Formatting of Floating Point Numbers
			A Programming Example
			Floating Point Calculations
			Floating Point in the Computer
			Conversion between Base 10 and Base 2
		5.4 Programming Considerations
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
Part III Computer Architecture and Hardware Operation
	Chapter 6 The Little Man Computer
		6.0 Introduction
		6.1 Layout of the Little Man Computer
		6.2 Operation of the LMC
		6.3 A Simple Program
		6.4 An Extended Instruction Set
		6.5 The Instruction Cycle
		6.6 A Note Regarding Computer Architectures
		Summary and Review
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 7 The CPU and Memory
		7.0 Introduction
		7.1 The Components of the CPU
		7.2 The Concept of Registers
		7.3 The Memory Unit
			The Operation of Memory
			Memory Capacity and Addressing Limitations
			Primary Memory Characteristics and Implementation
		7.4 The Fetch–Execute Instruction Cycle
		7.5 Classification of Instructions
			Data Movement Instructions (load, store, and Other Moves)
			Arithmetic Instructions
			Boolean Logic Instructions
			Single Operand Manipulation Instructions
			Bit Manipulation Instructions
			Shift and Rotate Instructions
			Program Control Instructions
			Stack Instructions
			Multiple Data Instructions
			Other Instructions
		7.6 Instruction Word Formats
		7.7 Instruction Word Requirements and Constraints
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 8 CPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement, and Implementation
		8.0 Introduction
		8.1 CPU Architectures
			Overview
			Traditional Modern Architectures
		8.2 CPU Features and Enhancements
			Introduction
			Fetch–Execute Cycle Timing Issues
			A Model for Improved CPU Performance
			Scalar and Superscalar Processor Organization
		8.3 Memory Enhancements
			Wide Path Memory Access
			Memory Interleaving
			Cache Memory
		8.4 The Compleat Modern Superscalar CPU
		8.5 Multiprocessing
		8.6 A Few Comments on Implementation
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 9 Input/Output and Buses
		9.0 Introduction
		9.1 Characteristics of Typical I/O Devices
		9.2 Programmed I/O
		9.3 Interrupts
			Servicing Interrupts
			The Uses of Interrupts
			Multiple Interrupts and Prioritization
		9.4 Direct Memory Access
		9.5 I/O Controllers
		9.6 Buses
			Bus Characteristics
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 10 Computer Peripherals
		10.0 Introduction
		10.1 The Hierarchy of Storage
		10.2 Solid-State Memory
		10.3 Magnetic Disks
			Disk Arrays
		10.4 Optical Disk Storage
		10.5 Magnetic Tape
		10.6 Displays
			Basic Display Design
			Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)
			Liquid Crystal Display Technology
			OLED Display Technology
		10.7 Printers
			Laser Printers
			Inkjet Printers
		10.8 User Input Devices
			Keyboards
			Pointing Devices
			Alternative Sources of Alphanumeric Input
			Scanners
			Multimedia Input
			Mobile Devices
		10.9 Network Communication Devices
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 11 Computer System Organization
		11.0 Introduction
		11.1 Putting the Pieces Together
		11.2 System Architecture
			Basic System Interconnection Requirements
			Bus I/O
			Channel Architecture
			Blurring the Line
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
Part IV Networks, Data Communications, and Networked Computer Systems
	Chapter 12 Networks and Data Communications—An Overview
		12.0 Introduction
		12.1 The Impact of Networking on Business Processes and User Access to Knowledge and Services
		12.2 A Simple View of Data Communications
		12.3 Basic Data Communication Concepts
			Messages
			Packets
			General Channel Characteristics
		12.4 Networks
			Network Topology
			Types of Networks
			Network Interconnection
		12.5 Standards
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 13 Ethernet and TCP/IP Networking
		13.0 Introduction
		13.1 TCP/IP, OSI, and Other Communication Protocol Models
		13.2 Program Applications versus Network Applications
		13.3 The Physical and Data Link Layers
			The Physical Layer
			The Data Link Layer
			Hub-Based Ethernet
			Switched Ethernet
			Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)
		13.4 The Network Layer
		13.5 The Transport Layer
		13.6 IP Addresses
			IPv4 and DHCP
			IPv6
		13.7 Domain Names and DNS Services
		13.8 Quality of Service
		13.9 Network Security
			Physical and Logical Access Restriction
			Encryption
		13.10 Alternative Protocols
			A Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI
			Other Protocol Suites and Components
			SCSI Over IP
			Cellular Technology
			MPLS
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 14 Communication Channel Technology
		14.0 Introduction
		14.1 Communication Channel Technology
		14.2 The Fundamentals of Signaling Technology
			Analog Signaling
			Digital Signaling
			Modems
			Two Examples of Alternative Advanced Technologies
		14.3 Transmission Media and Signaling Methods
		14.4 Wireless Technologies
			Cellular Technology
			Wi-Fi
			Bluetooth
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 15 Modern Networked Computer Systems
		15.0 Introduction
		15.1 Distributed Systems
		15.2 Client–Server Computing
		15.3 Web-Based Computing
		15.4 Peer-to-Peer Computing
		15.5 Clusters
			Overview
			Classification and Configuration
			Beowulf Clusters
		15.6 Storage Area Networks
		15.7 Cloud Computing
		15.8 Supercomputing
			Grid Computing
		15.9 Networked Computer System Architecture Examples
			Google: A System Architecture Example
			Another Example: Facebook’s Application Architecture
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
Part V The Software Component
	Chapter 16 Operating Systems: An Overview
		16.0 Introduction
		16.1 The Barebones Computer System
		16.2 The Operating Systems Concept: An Introduction
		16.3 Services and Facilities
			User Interface and Command Execution Services
			File Management
			Input/Output Services
			Process Control Management
			Memory Management
			Scheduling and Dispatch
			Secondary Storage Management
			Network and Communications Support Services
			Security and Protection Services
			System Administration Support
		16.4 Organization
		16.5 Types of Computer Systems
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 17 The User View of Operating Systems
		17.0 Introduction
		17.1 Purpose of the User Interface
		17.2 User Functions and Program Services
			Program Execution
			File Commands
			Disk and Other I/O Device Commands
			Security and Data Integrity Protection
			Interuser Communication and Data Sharing Operations
			System Status Information and User Administration
			Program Services
		17.3 Types of User Interface
			The Command Line Interface
			Batch System Commands
			Graphical User Interfaces
			Touchless Gesture- and Voice-Based Interfaces
			Trade-Offs in the User Interface
			Software Considerations
		17.4 X Window and Other Graphics Display Methodologies
		17.5 Command and Scripting Languages
			The Elements of a Command Language
			The Command Language Start-Up Sequence Files
		17.6 Services to Programs
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 18 File Management
		18.0 Introduction
		18.1 The Logical and Physical View of Files
		18.2 The Role of the File Management System
		18.3 Logical File Access Methods
			Sequential File Access
			Random Access
			Indexed Access
		18.4 Physical File Storage
			Contiguous Storage Allocation
			Noncontiguous Storage Allocation
			Indexed Allocation
			Free Space Management
			Tape Allocation
			Optical and Flash Drive Allocation
		18.5 File Systems, Volumes, Disks, Partitions, and Storage Pools
		18.6 The Directory Structure
			Tree-Structured Directories
			Acyclic-Graph Directories
		18.7 Network File Access
		18.8 File Protection
		18.9 Journaling File Systems
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
	Chapter 19 The Internal Operating System
		19.0 Introduction
		19.1 Fundamental OS Requirements
			Example: A Simple Multitasking Operating System
		19.2 Starting the Computer System: The Bootstrap
		19.3 Processes and Threads
			Process Creation
			Process States
			Threads
		19.4 Basic Loading and Execution Operations
		19.5 CPU Scheduling and Dispatching
			Long-Term Scheduler
			Short-Term Scheduler and Dispatcher
			Nonpreemptive Scheduling Algorithms
			Preemptive Short-Term Scheduling Algorithms
		19.6 Memory Management
			Memory Partitioning
		19.7 Virtual Storage
			Overview
			Pages and Frames
			The Concept of Virtual Storage
			Page Faults
			Working Sets and the Concept of Locality
			Page Sharing
			Page Replacement Algorithms
			Thrashing
			Page Table Implementation
			Segmentation
			Process Separation
		19.8 Disk Scheduling
			First-Come, First-Served Scheduling
			Shortest Distance First Scheduling
			Scan Scheduling
			n-Step c-Scan Scheduling
		19.9 Network Operating System Services
			OS Protocol Support and Other Services
		19.10 Other Operating System Issues
			Deadlock
			Other Issues
		19.11 Virtual Machines
		Summary and Review
		For Further Reading
		Key Concepts and Terms
		Reading Review Questions
		Exercises
Bibliography
Index
EULA