The Archaeology of the Sierra Blanca Region of Southeastern New Mexico

Contents
Tables
Charts
Figures
Plates
Maps
Foreword to the 1984 Edition, by John D. Speth
Preface - 1984
Acknowedgments: 1966 and 1984
Introduction
1. A Survey of Natural Potential Resources of Southeastern New Mexico
	Introduction
	Inorganic Resources
		Stone
		Clay
		Ornamental Stones and Pigments
		Metal and Coal
	Resources Pertinent to Agriculture
		Water
		Soil
		Temperature
		Agricultural Resources and Limitations
	Organic Resources
		Plants as Potential Resources
		Animals as Potential Resources
		Summary Statement on Organic Resources
2. Regional Review of the Ecology and Archaeology
	Dating Problems
	Chupadero Region
		The Setting
		Archaeological Sequence
	South-central New Mexico from the Tularosa Basin to the Rio Grande
		The Setting
		Archaeological Sequence of the Southern Regions
		Archaeological Sequence of the Northern Tularosa Basin
	Guadalupe Mountain Region
	The Pecos Valley
		The Setting
		Archaeological Sequence
	The Llano Estacado
	Summary
3. Archaeological Sites of the Sierra Blanca Region
	The Setting
	History of the Fieldwork
	The Sites
		Mayhill Sites 1 and 2
		Site 2000
		The Bonnell Site
		Clint Sultemeier Site
		Hiner Site 1
		Phillips Site
		Block Lookout Site
		Bloom Mound
	Phases
		The Glencoe Phase
		The Corona Phase
		The Lincoln Phase
	Summary
4. Intra- and Interregional Comparisons of Individual Culture Traits
	Placement and Internal Organization of Sites in the Sierra Blanca Region
		Ecological Distribution of Sites
		Topographical Location of Sites
		The Factor of Defense in Site Locations
		Village Organization
	Pithouses and Other Subterranean Structures
		Raw Materials and Their Utilization in Pithouses
		Pithouse Shape
		Depth of House Pits
		Treatment of Pit Walls
		Floor Treatment
		Lateral Entrances and Ventilators
		Benches
		Interior Pits and Depressions
		Firepits and Fire Areas
		Ash Receptacles
		Houses Outlined with Upright Stone Slabs
		Cobbles Used in Structures
		A Slab-lined Pithouse with Masonry Walls
		House Units Composed of Contiguous Pit Rooms
		Superstructure Construction
		Roof Construction
		Secondary Interior Posts
		Minor Construction Elements Involving Posts
	Adobe and/or Masonry Surface Structures
		Shape of the Pueblo Structures
		Wall Construction and Building Materials
		Roof Construction
		Interior Posts
		Firepits
		Ash Box
		Sub-floor Pits
		Use of Upright Stone Slabs
		Doorways
		Jacal Construction
	Ceremonial Structures in Southeastern New Mexico
		Review of Archaeological Evidence
		Sipapus
		Summary
	Food Processing Tools
		Metates and Basin Milling Stones
		Manos and Grinding Stones
		Mortars and Pestles
		Summary
	Other Grinding Implements
		\"Palettes\"
		Grinding Slabs
	Stone Abrading Tools
		Grooved Abraders
		Striated Abrader
		Flat Abraders
	Hafted Tools
		Axes
		Grooved Hammers, Mauls, and Other Hafted Tools
	Hammerstones
	Cooking Accessories
		Comales
		Pot Lids
		Fire Dogs
		Cooking Racks
		Summary
	Ceremonial, Ornamental, or Recreational Artifacts
		Stone and Pottery Animal Figures
		Incense Burners
		Pipes
		Gaming Pieces
		Bone Whistles
		Bone Tubes
		Miscellaneous Bone Items Probably Used for Personal Adornment
		Ornaments
		Summary
	Weapons Complex
		Arrow Shaft-straighteners
		Projectile Points
	Small Tools Used in Crafts
		Chipped Stone Tools
		Bone Awls
		Other Small Bone Tools
		Polishing Stones
	Disposal of the Dead
	Woven Materials
	Pottery of the Sierra Blanca Region
		Native Types and Variants
		Interregional Trade Pottery
		Elements that Cross-cut Pottery Types
	Description of Four Pottery Types Native to the Sirra Blanca Region
		Jornada Brown
		Chupadero Black-on-White and Related Types and Varieties
		Three Rivers Red-on-Terracotta and Related Types
		Lincoln Black-on-Red
	Regional Subsistence Patterns in the Subarea
	Summary of Cultural Relationships in the Sierra Blanca Region
5. Origins and Development of Sedentary Life in Southeastern New Mexico
	Relationships Between the Hueco and Mesilla Phases
	Primary Sources of Pueblo I and II Culture
	Subsequent Development of Sedentary Village Life
	Abandonment - When and Why
	Ethnic Identity
	Marginalism and Cultural Conservatism
	Suggestions for Future Work
Appendix 1. Archaeology of the Upper Gallo Drainage
	Introduction
	Excavated Sites or Features Not Assigned to a Phase
		Clint Sultemeier Site 2
		Clark Site 1
		Isolated Feature at the Frank Sultemeier Site
		Comment on the Three Preceding Features
	An Excavated Site of the Corona Phase Clint Sultemeier Site 1
	Surveyed Sites of the Corona Phase
		Black Stump Canyon Site
		Hiner Site 2
		Clark Site 2
	Excavated Sites of the Lincoln Phase
		Frank Sultemeier Site
		Hiner Site 1
		Ryberg Site 3
	Laboratory of Anthropology Survey
Appendix 2. Sites in the Upper Macho Drainage
	The Phillips Site
		Surveyed House Units
		Excavated House Units
		Early Lincoln Phase House Excavations
		Late Lincoln Phase House Units
		A Private Collection
		Artifacts from Phillips Ranch Site
		Food Remains
		Pottery
		Relative Dating of House Units and Individual Structures Using Pottery Lots
		The Phillips Site Petroglyphs
	Carrizo Mountain Silicified Shale Mines
	Robinson Site
	Small Sites West of the Phillips Site
	Summary
Appendix 3. Sites North of Capitan Mountain
	The Locale
	Homestead Site
	Las Tablas Site
	Block Headquarters Site of the Lincoln Phase
	Block Lookout Site of the Lincoln Phase
		Introduction
		Excavated Structures
		Artifacts
		Food Remains
		Burials
		Skeletal Analysis of the Adult Burial in Room 1, by Erik Reed
		Pottery
		Pottery as a Temporal Indicator
		Locality Summary
Appendix 4. Sites In and Adjacent to the Upper Hondo Drainage
	Introduction
	A Geological Feature: The \"Aqueduct\"
	Preceramic Sites
		Pfingsten Site 1
		Feather, Chipmunk, or Smetnick Cave
	Sites Not Assigned to a Phase
		Threlkeld Site
		Sites in the Upper Ruidoso Valley
		Upper Stanton Site
		Hondo Schoolyard Site
		Riverside Site
		The Fortification
		Site on Bonito Lake
	A Corona Phase Site
		The Escondida Site
	Glencoe Phase Sites
		McDaniel Site
		Pfingsten Site 2
		Perry Site
		Close Gravel Pit Site
		Nogal Mesa Site
		Nogal Canyon Site
		Upper Bonito Site II
		Upper Bonito Site III
	A Site with Glencoe and Lincoln Phase Components
		Fred Pfingsten Site
	Lincoln Phase Sites
		Mesa Ranger Station Site
		Young Site
		Upper Bonito Site
		Lower Stanton or Stanton Ruin
		Double Crossing Site
		Baca Site
		Hulbert Site
		Dow Site
		Las Chosas Site
		Blue Water Sites
Appendix 5. The Bonnell Site (LA 612) of the Late Glencoe Phase
	Introduction
		The Setting
		Fieldwork at the Bonnell site
	Building History of the Village
		Period 1
		Period 2
		Period 3
		Period 4
	Description of Excavated Structures
	Discussion of Architectural Features of Houses
		Orientation
		House Types
		Function
		House Pits
		Floors
		Internal Posts and Post Holes
		Wall Posts and Post Holes
		Roof Construction
		Entrances
		Fire Areas
		Ash Pits
		Bench
		Sub-floor Pits
		Recess in House Pit Wall
		Floor Depressions
		Sub-floor Burials
	Features Located Outside Houses
		Hearths of Fire-cracked Rocks
		Storage Pits
		Posts and Post Holes
		Burials
	Summary Statement on Architecture
	Artifacts
		Gound-stone Tools
		Miscellaneous Stone Objects
		Pigments
		Unaltered Stones
		Chipped Stone Tools
		Hammerstones
		Bone Artifacts
		Other Bone Tools
		Shell Objects
		Fired Clay Objects Other Than Pottery Vessels
	Food Products
		Plants
		Animals
	Pottery
		Characteristics of the Pottery
		Summary
	Disposal of the Dead
		Burial Descriptions
		Other Human Bones
	Dating
		Ceramic Correlations
		Internal Chronology
	Summary
Appendix 6. Bloom Mound in the Lower Hondo Valley
	Introduction
		Setting
		History of Research at Bloom Mound
	Architecture
		Rooms
		Function of the Rooms
	Material Culture
		Chipped Stone Artifacts
		Ground Stone
		Miscellaneous Stone
		Unworked Stones
		Objects of Bone
		Ornaments
		Objects of Clay Other Than Pottery Vessels
		Copper Bells
		Pottery
		Woven Materials
		Notes on Basketry and Textiles from Bloom Mound, by Elizabeth King
	Skeletal Material
	Food Remains
	Dating
	Summary
Appendix 7. Sites Along the Upper and Middle Penasco River
	Preceramic Features
	Early Glencoe Phase Sites
		Mayhill Site 1
		Mayhill Site 2
		Pithouse Excavated by Roger Green
	Late Glencoe Phase Sites
		Site 2000
		Other Sites
	Summary and Discussion
		Conflicting Phase Designations
		Early Glencoe Phase
		Late Glencoe Phase
Appendix 8. Three Sites Northwest of Roswell, New Mexico
	Salt Creek Site
	Upper Salt Creek Site
	Blackwater Creek Site
Bibliography