The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

Cover\nTHE ARABS IN ANTIQUITY: Their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads\nCopyright\nCONTENTS\nMap 1 The Arabian Pensinsula and the adjacent regions\nPREFACE\nPROLEGOMENA\n	Which Arabs?\n	Arabs and bedouin: present-day evidence\n	Method of investigation\n	Notes\nPart I THE REMEMBERED ORIGINS\n	1 ARABS IN EARLY ISLAM\n		Sources\n		General historical background\n		The view of a medieval Muslim sociologist: Ibn Khaldūn\n		The view of a medieval Muslim belletrist: al-Ğāhiz\n		Notes\n	2 THE ARABS AS A PEOPLE\n		arab and ağam\n		arab as a nation of tribes\n		The \'real\' arab\n		The original āriba peoples\n		The language of the arab\n		The land of the arab and their villages\n		Excursus: the language of Quraysh\n		Notes\n	3 THE ARABS AS A SECTION OF SOCIETY\n		arab and Muslim\n		arab and mawlā\n		arab and muhāğirūn\n		arab, Quraysh and the early Muslims\n		arab, ansār and their successors\n		The arab among the tribesmen\n		Notes\n	4 THE NEGLECTED COUSINS\n		The arāb\n		The arāb in the Qurān\n		Notes\n	5 ARABS IN THE EYES OF OUTSIDERS\n		Arabs and Muslims in non-Arabic sources from the first century AH\n		Arabs in the early Arabo-Islamic tradition: attempt at a summary\n		Notes\nPart II THE FORGOTTEN ORIGINS\n	6 THE PROBLEM OF THE EARLIEST ARABS\n		Introduction\n		Pre-Islamic Arabs in modern scholarship: a short survey\n		Excursus: nomadism in the Middle East\n		Notes\n	7 ARABS IN CUNEIFORM SOURCES\n		Syria at the beginning of the first millennium BC: sources\n		Political outline\n		The road to Qarqar\n		Excursus: the sons of Qeturah\n		Tiglath Pileser III\n		Excursus: the earliest Arabs in the Old Testament\n		Sargon II\n		Sennacherib\n		Esarhaddon\n		Assurbanipal: the sources\n		The course of events\n		Excursus: the people of Attar-shamayin\n		Excursus: a short historical and redactional survey of the text of the Rassam cylinder\n		The late Judaean kingdom and Arabia\n		Excursus: the Queen of Sheba\n		Nebuchadnezzar II\n		Nabonidus\n		Nabonidus, Cyrus the Great and the Arabs\n		Individual Arabs in the Chaldaean and early Achaemenid periods\n		Arabs down to the rise of the Achaemenids: attempt at a summary\n		Notes\n	8 THE OLD TESTAMENT AND ARABIA\n		Introduction\n		The P tables\n		The lists of J\n		Ishmael and his descendants\n		The story about Ishmael\n		Arabs in the Old Testament: a summary\n		Notes\n	9 THE AGE OF THE ACHAEMENIDS\n		Introduction\n		The sources for the period 540–335 BC\n		Cambyses and the Arabs\n		The testimony from the Persians\n		Scylax of Caryanda\n		Hecataeus of Mytilene\n		Hecataeus\' successors\n		Herodotus of Halicarnassus\n		Geshem the Arab\n		Greeks and Arabs from the end of the fifth century BC until Alexander\n		Excursus: Arabia in the list of arkhonts in Xenophon\'s Anabasis VII:8\n		Notes\n	10 ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE ARABS\n		Sources\n		The Mediterranean campaign\n		Alexander and the Arabian peninsula\n		The Arabian expeditions\n		Excursus: the location and role of Gerrha\n		Arabs from Cambyses to Alexander: a preliminary synthesis\n		Notes\n	11 THE HEIRS OF ALEXANDER\n		Antigonus\n		The events of 312 BC: Antigonus in Arabia\n		The expedition in 312 BC: analysis\n		Two early Hellenistic authors on Arabia: Euhemerus and Iambulus\n		The Ptolemies and the Arabs\n		The Red Sea expedition of Ptolemy II\n		Arabs in Ptolemaic Egypt\n		Eratosthenes from Cyrene\n		The Seleucids and the Arabs\n		Arabs around Palestine in the age of the Maccabees\n		Arabs in Syria in the age of the Maccabees\n		Arabs from Alexander to Demetrius: attempt at a summary\n		Notes\n	12 BETWEEN THE GREEKS AND THE ROMANS\n		The Middle East in the second half of the second century BC\n		Sources for the events down to the battle of Actium\n		Mesene\n		Osrhoene\n		Syria-Palestine until the age of Alexander Jannaeus\n		Alexander Jannaeus and the Arabs: the course of events according to Josephus\n		Evaluation of the evidence\n		Tigranes the Great\n		The arrival of the Romans\n		Posidonius of Apamaea\n		Notes\n	13 THE NABATAEAN PROBLEM\n		Arabs, Nabataeans and Jews during the Roman conquest: the events\n		The problem: were the Nabataeans Arabs?\n		Nabataeans and Arabs before 65 BC: the literary sources\n		The Nabataeans before 65 BC: the non-literary testimony\n		Arabs and Nabataeans: a first evaluation\n		Arabs and Nabataeans after the Roman conquest: the sources\n		Arabs and Nabataeans after the Roman conquest: Josephus\' account\n		The solution: Herod\'s legacy\n		The Arabo-Nabataean kingdom\n		The king of Arabs and Nabataeans\n		Excursus: who were the Nabataeans?\n		Notes\n	14 ARABS AND ROMANS UNTIL THE TIME OF TRAJAN\n		Arabs and Romans in the Middle East\n		Arabs and the battle of Carrhae\n		Arabs and the Parthian invasion after Carrhae\n		Arabs and the anti-Caesarians\n		When Antony and Cleopatra ruled the East\n		Rome and the Arabs in the reign of Augustus\n		Excursus: the expedition of Aelius Gallus to Yemen\n		Iuba\'s book on Arabia\n		Excursus: \'the Ituraeans, the Arabs\'\n		Excursus: Emesa\n		Excursus: the arabarchia\n		Arabs in the time of Claudius\n		Arabs in Adiabene\n		Arabs in the time of Nero: Corbulo\'s testimony\n		Arabs in the New Testament\n		Arabs and the Great Jewish Revolt\n		The Periplus Maris Erythraei\n		Arabs in the Middle East from the end of the Seleucids to Trajan: a summary\n		Notes\n	15 ARABS IN THE AGE OF THE GOOD EMPERORS\n		Sources for the second century AD\n		The reign of Trajan and its results\n		Claudius Ptolemy\n		An anonymous source on Arabs from the second century AD\n		Arabs between Romans and Parthians before the Severian dynasty\n		The Arabs at Edessa\n		The Arabs at Hatra\n		Excursus: arab in the Hatra texts: region or people?\n		Notes\n	16 FROM THE SEVERIANS TO CONSTANTINE THE GREAT\n		Sources for the period from Septimius Severus to Theodosius\n		The course of events from Septimius Severus to Diocletian: general outline\n		Septimius Severus and the Arabs\n		Philippus Arabs\n		The Orient in turmoil: Shāpur I and Palmyra\n		The rise and fall of Palmyra\n		The three empires: interaction around AD 300\n		The king of all Arabs: the text from an-Namāra\n		Historical interpretation of the text\n		The Namara inscription and the kings of al-Hira: the Arabic tradition\n		Analysis of the story\n		The evidence from contemporary documents\n		Arabs in literary texts from the third century\n		Arabs in the outgoing second century: the testimony of Clement of Alexandria\n		Origen\n		Hippolytus\' Diamerismós\n		The Book of the Laws of Countries\n		Uranius\' Arabica\n		Glaucus\n		Notes\n	17 THE DISAPPEARING ARABS\n		The emergence of the Taieni and the Saraceni\n		Eusebius of Caesarea\n		Basil the Great\n		Epiphanius\n		Other testimonies from the early fourth century\n		The fourth century: Arabs in the waning\n		The time of Julian the Apostate: the testimony of Ammian Marcellinus\n		Excursus: Ammian\'s description of Arabia and Arabs and its background\n		Arabs and Saracens from the end of the fourth century\n		The tayyāē\n		Arabs versus Saraceni and tayyāyē\n		Notes\n	18 ARABS IN TALMUDIC SOURCES\n		Notes\n	19 ARABS IN SOUTH ARABIA\n		Introduction\n		Arabs in South Arabia until the end of the third century\n		Arabs in South Arabia from the fourth to the sixth century\n		Arabs in South Arabia: survey and summary\n		Notes\nPart III THE SOLUTION OF AN ENIGMA?\n	20 THE PICTURE OF ARABS IN PRE-ISLAMIC SOURCES\n		A final evaluation of the sources\n		The lands of the Arabs\n		How the Arabs lived\n		Political structure\n		Arabs, Hagar, Nabat\n		Notes\n	21 THE LINGUISTIC ISSUE\n		The language of the Arabs\n		The name and its linguistic background\n		Notes\n	22 THE ARABS AND THEIR RELIGION\n		The six gods of Dumah\n		The two gods of Arabo-Nabataea\n		The cult of the Saracens\n		The gods of the Arabs and the Saracen cult of the twin gods\n		Tracing the Arab god\n		The Arabs and their god\n		Rendezvous in Mecca: the legend of Qusayy b. Kilāb\n		Notes\nSUMMING UP: THE ARABS FROM THE ASSYRIAN S TO THE UMAYYADS\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\n	Abbreviations\n	Sources\n	Secondary literature\nGENERAL INDEX\nINDEX LOCORUM