The Age of Migration: lnternational Population Movements in the Modern World

List of Illustrative Material
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Note on Migration Statistics
The Age of Migration Website
List of Abbreviations
IX
xi
xiv
XV
xvi
1 introduction 1
The challenges of global migration 5
Contemporary migrations: general trends 13
International migration in global governance 17
Ethnic diversity, racism and multiculturalism 18
Aims and structure of the book 20
Guide to further reading 22
2 Theories of Migration 25
Explaining the migratory process 27
Functionalist theories: push-pull models
and neoclassical theory 28
Historical-structural theories 31
Putting migrants first: agency, identity and
the perpetuation of migration 37
Network, transnationalism and migration
systems theories 39
Migration transition theories 46
Conclusion 51
Guide to further reading 53
3 How Migration Transforms Societies 55
The transformation of receiving societies: from migration
to settlement 56
The formation of ethnic minorities 57
Race and racism 59
Gender and migration 61
Culture, identity and community 63
State and nation 64
Citizenship 66
The transformation of origin societies 69
The migration and development debate 69
The development impacts of migration 75
Reform as a condition for migration and development 78
Policy considerations 79
Conclusions 81
Guide to further reading 82
4 International Migration before 1945 84
Colonialism 86
Industrialization and migration to North America
and Oceania before 1914 89
Labour migration within Europe 93
The interwar period 96
Conclusions 99
Guide to further reading 100
5 Migration in Europe since 1945 102
Migration in the post-World War II boom 104
European migrations in the period of economic restructuring
( l 974-mid-1990s) 111
Southern European migration transitions 113
Migration in Central and Eastern Europe 115
Migration trends of the new millennium 116
Migratory consequences of the global economic crisis 118
Europe\'s changing population 119
Conclusions 123
Guide to further reading 125
6 Migration in the Americas 126
Migration from 1945 to the l 970s 128
Migration since the l 970s 131
Regional trends and policy developments 1.41
Conclusions 144
Guide to further reading 146
7 Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region 147
The development of Asian migration 148
Asian migration to Western Europe, North America
and Oceania 151
Contract labour migration to the Middle East 153
Labour Migration within Asia 153
East Asia 156
South-East Asia 158
Countries of emigration 159
Highly qualified migrants and students 161
Refugees 163
Oceania 166
Conclusions: perspectives for Asian migration 169
Guide to further reading 171
8 Migration in Africa and the Middle East 172
Historical and colonial roots of contemporary migrations 174
Postcolonial migration within Africa 175
Intercontinental migration to Europe and the Gulf States 178
Forced migration in the Middle East 181
Changing intra-African migrations after 1989 184
New African migrations to Europe, the Middle East and China 187
The political salience of migration 189
Conclusions 193
Guide to further reading 196
9 Migration, Security and the Debate on Climate Change 198
Key dimensions of the international migration
and security nexus 199
From a non-problem to an obsession:
migration and security in the OECD area, 1945- 2012 201
Migration and security in the Middle East and North Africa
(MENA) 207
A growing concern: environment, climate change
and migration 209
Conclusions 213
Guide to further reading 213
10 The State and International Migration:
The Quest for Control 215
Employer sanctions 215
Legalization programmes 218
Temporary foreign-worker admission programmes 220
Refugees and asylum 221
Regional integration 230
The \'migration industry\' 235
Human smuggling and trafficking 236
Conclusions: a quixotic or credible quest for control? 238
Guide to further reading 239
11 Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force 240
Labour demand in advanced economies 240
Migrants in the labour market 242
Migrant workers in the global economic crisis (GEC) 247
The new political economy: making the global labour market 253
The transformation of work 256
Conclusions 260
Guide to further reading 262
12 New Ethnic Minorities and Society 264
Incorporation: how immigrants become part of society 264
lmmigration policies and minority formation 270
Labour market position 272
Residential segregation, community formation
and the global city 274
Social policy 277
Racism and minorities 282
Racist violence 284
Minorities and citizenship 287
Linguistic and cultural rights 291
Conclusions: the integration challenge 292
Guide to further reading 294
13 Immigrants and Politics 296
Origin countries and expatriates 297
Extra-parliamentary forms of migrant participation and
representation 301
Non-citizen voting rights: a global issue 303
Migrants and ethnic voting blocs 305
Anti-immigrant movements and parties 307
The politics of immigration policy-making 312
Conclusions 314
Guide to further reading 316
14 Conclusion: Migration in the Twenty-First Century 317
Future perspectives for global migration and mobility 318
improving international cooperation and governance 320
Responding to irregular immigration 323
Legal migration and integration 326
Ethnic diversity, racial change and the nation-state 328
Bibliography 332
Index 381