The age of austerity: how scarcity will remake american politics

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 22
1 The Sociological Imagination......Page 27
The Study of Social Facts......Page 29
Troubles and Issues......Page 30
Intersection of Biography and Society The Personal Experience of Securing a Loan 9......Page 34
August Comte (1798–1857)......Page 36
Karl Marx (1818–1883)......Page 37
Émile Durkheim (1858–1918)......Page 39
Max Weber (1864–1920)......Page 41
W. E. B. DuBois (1868–1963)......Page 42
Jane Addams (1860–1935)......Page 43
Working for Change The American Sociological Association......Page 45
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 48
Intersection of Biography and Society Six Social Forces Shaping Human Activity......Page 31
No Borders, No Boundaries Globalization......Page 47
2 Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of Social Research: With Emphasis on Mexico......Page 51
The Functionalist Theory......Page 53
Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions......Page 54
Manifest Functions......Page 55
Latent Dysfunctions......Page 56
The Confl ict Theory......Page 57
The Confl ict Perspective on United States–Mexico Border Fences......Page 58
The Symbolic Interactionist Theory......Page 61
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on United States Mexico Fences......Page 62
Critique of Three Sociological Theories......Page 64
Methods of Social Research......Page 65
Step 2: Reviewing the Literature......Page 66
Step 4: Choosing a Research Design and Data-Gathering Strategies......Page 67
Methods of Data Collection......Page 69
Identifying Variables and Specifying Hypotheses......Page 72
Steps 5 and 6: Analyzing the Data and Drawing Conclusions......Page 74
Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables......Page 76
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 78
Working for Change Remittance Income from Migrants......Page 60
No Borders, No Boundaries Interaction That Transcends the U.S.–Mexican Border......Page 63
Intersection of Biography and Society The Life of a Citrus Picker......Page 71
3 Culture: With Emphasis on North and South Korea......Page 83
The Challenge of Defi ning Culture......Page 85
Global Comparisons U.S. Military Presence around the World......Page 86
Norms......Page 88
Language......Page 90
The Role of Geographic and Historical Forces......Page 91
The Role of Language......Page 93
The Importance of Individual Experiences......Page 94
Intersection of Biography and Society Adding to the Menu of Cultural Options......Page 95
Cultural Formulas for Social Emotions......Page 96
Cultural Diffusion......Page 97
The Home Culture as the Standard......Page 99
Intersection of Biography and Society Opposing Viewpoints on Same-Sex Adults Holding Hands......Page 101
Cultural Relativism......Page 102
Subcultures......Page 103
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 105
Working for Change Protecting Material Culture Considered Masterpieces of Human Creative Genius......Page 87
No Borders, No Boundaries The Oprah Winfrey Show in 122 Countries......Page 98
4 Socialization: With Emphasis on Israel and the Palestinian Territories......Page 109
Socialization......Page 111
Cases of Extreme Isolation......Page 112
Cases of Less Extreme Isolation......Page 113
Children of the Holocaust......Page 115
Individual and Collective Memory......Page 116
Signifi cant Symbols......Page 118
Role Taking......Page 119
The Looking-Glass Self......Page 122
Cognitive Development......Page 123
Agents of Socialization......Page 124
Primary Groups......Page 125
Ingroups and Outgroups......Page 126
Mass Media......Page 129
Stage 4 (Ages 6–12)......Page 131
Intersection of Biography and Society Israeli Jews as Aggressors and Victims......Page 132
Stage 8 (Old Age)......Page 133
Global Comparisons The Jewish Population of the World......Page 134
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 136
Intersection of Biography and Society Collective Memory......Page 117
Working for Change Learning to Invest in the Community......Page 120
No Borders, No Boundaries Reaching Mass Audiences through the Internet......Page 130
5 Social Interaction: With Emphasis on the Democratic Republic of the Congo......Page 141
Division of Labor......Page 143
Organic Solidarity......Page 146
Disruptions to the Division of Labor......Page 147
Intersection of Biography and Society Disruptions to the Division of Labor......Page 148
Social Status......Page 150
Roles......Page 152
Cultural Variations in Role Expectations......Page 153
Impression Management......Page 155
Front and Back Stage Behavior......Page 156
Attribution Theory......Page 158
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 163
Global Comparisons Percentage of Adult Population with HIV/AIDS by Country......Page 151
Working for Change Uganda, a Success Story in Addressing HIV/AIDS......Page 157
No Borders, No Boundaries Imports/Exports of Blood and Blood Products......Page 161
6 Formal Organizations: With Emphasis on McDonald’s Operations......Page 167
Formal Organizations......Page 169
The Concept of Bureaucracy......Page 170
Formal and Informal Dimensions......Page 171
Rationalization......Page 172
The McDonaldization of Society......Page 174
Value-Rational Action and Expanding Market Share......Page 175
Multinational and Global Corporations......Page 176
The Extremes of Value-Rational Action......Page 182
Statistical Records of Performance......Page 183
Oligarchy......Page 184
Intersection of Biography and Society Statistical Measures of Performance......Page 185
Alienation......Page 186
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 188
No Borders, No Boundaries Locations of McDonald’s by First Year a Franchise Opened......Page 177
Global Comparisons The Size of the Top 10 Global Corporations Relative to National Economies......Page 178
Working for Change Margie Eugene Richard Takes on Shell Chemical......Page 181
7 Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control: With Emphasis on the People’s Republic of China......Page 193
Deviance: The Violation of Norms......Page 195
Socialization as a Means of Social Control......Page 196
Reaction to Socialization in Another Culture......Page 197
Mechanisms of Social Control......Page 198
Censorship and Surveillance......Page 200
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 202
Labeling Theory......Page 203
The Falsely Accused......Page 204
Rule Makers and Rule Enforcers......Page 205
Obedience to Authority......Page 207
Intersection of Biography and Society Obedience to Authority during the Cultural Revolution and at Abu Ghraib Prison......Page 209
Structural Strain in the United States......Page 211
Structural Strain in China......Page 212
Differential Association Theory......Page 215
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 218
Global Comparisons Sentenced Prisoners in the United States and Other Nations......Page 199
Working for Change The Falsely Accused on Death Row......Page 206
No Borders, No Boundaries The Foreign Adoption Process......Page 214
8 Social Stratification: With Emphasis on the World’s Richest and Poorest......Page 223
The Extremes of Poverty and Wealth in the World......Page 225
Ascribed versus Achieved Statuses......Page 226
Life Chances across and within Countries......Page 227
Caste and Class Systems......Page 229
Social Mobility......Page 231
Conceptualizing Inequality......Page 232
A Confl ict View of Social Inequality......Page 235
Explaining Inequalities across Countries......Page 236
Global Comparisons The World’s 22 Richest and 50 Poorest Economies......Page 237
Dependency Theory......Page 239
Increase Foreign Aid from Richest Countries......Page 241
Working for Change Reducing Poverty......Page 243
Criticism of the Millennium Declaration......Page 244
Karl Marx and Social Class......Page 245
Max Weber and Social Class......Page 246
The Disadvantaged in the United States......Page 247
Inner-City Poor......Page 248
The Indebted......Page 250
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 252
No Borders, No Boundaries The Legacy of Colonization......Page 240
Intersection of Biography and Society The Impact of Economic Restructuring......Page 249
9 Race and Ethnicity: With Emphasis on the Peopling of the United States (A Global Story)......Page 257
Race and Ethnicity......Page 259
The U.S. System of Racial Classifi cation......Page 260
The Problem with Racial Categories......Page 261
The U.S. System of Ethnic Classifi cation......Page 262
The Roles of Chance, Context, and Choice......Page 264
Classifying People of Arab or Middle Eastern Ancestry......Page 266
The Foreign-Born Population......Page 267
The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Immigration Policy......Page 269
The Consequences of Racial and Ethnic Classifi cation......Page 271
Minority Groups......Page 272
Absorption Assimilation......Page 274
Melting Pot Assimilation......Page 275
The Origins of Race as a Concept......Page 277
Prejudice and Stereotyping......Page 278
Discrimination......Page 280
Individual Discrimination......Page 281
Social Identity and Stigma......Page 283
Working for Change Lester Ward (1841–1913)......Page 284
Responses to Stigmatization......Page 286
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 287
Global Comparisons Cities with the Largest Percentage of Foreign-Born Residents......Page 268
No Borders, No Boundaries Foreign-Born by Region of Birth......Page 270
Intersection of Biography and Society The Dynamics of Mixed Contacts......Page 285
10 Gender: With Emphasis on American Samoa......Page 291
Sex as a Biological Concept......Page 293
Gender as a Social Construct......Page 294
Gender Polarization......Page 297
Compliance and Resistance to Gender Ideals......Page 299
A Third Option......Page 301
Socialization......Page 303
Commercialization of Gender Ideals......Page 305
Structural Constraints......Page 306
The Case of Physicians and Nurses......Page 309
Sexism......Page 311
Gender Inequality......Page 313
Feminism......Page 314
Gender, Ethnicity, Race, and the State......Page 317
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 320
Intersection of Biography and Society Social Emotions and Feeling Rules......Page 300
Global Comparisons Countries That Allow Gay Men and Lesbians to Serve in the Military Openly and Countries That Ban Them from Military Service......Page 312
Working for Change Historic Events That Opened Opportunities for Women......Page 316
Global Comparisons Countries with Paid Maternity Leave......Page 318
11 Economics and Politics: With Emphasis on Iraq......Page 323
Agricultural Revolutions......Page 325
The Industrial Revolution......Page 326
The Post-industrial Society and the Information Revolution......Page 327
Capitalism......Page 330
Socialism......Page 331
Iraq under Socialism......Page 332
Iraq: A Peripheral or One-Commodity Economy......Page 333
The Size of the U.S. Economy and Debt......Page 334
The Trade Defi cit and Dependence on Oil and Mineral Imports......Page 335
Decline in Union Membership......Page 337
A Tertiary Sector That Dominates the Economy......Page 338
A Sustained Period in Which Job Losses Outpaced Job Creation......Page 339
Political Systems and Authority......Page 340
Democracy......Page 341
Totalitarianism......Page 342
Authoritarianism......Page 343
The Power Elite......Page 344
Pluralist Models......Page 347
Is the United States an Imperialistic Power?......Page 348
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 351
No Borders, No Boundaries U.S. Trade Defi cits and Surpluses with Countries of the World, 2008......Page 336
Working for Change President Eisenhower’s Farewell Warning......Page 345
Intersection of Biography and Society The Personal Cost of War......Page 349
No Borders, No Boundaries Countries in Which the United States Intervened to Support Regime Change, Support Dictators, or Oppose Reactionary Movements, 1902–2007......Page 350
12 Family: With Emphasis on Japan......Page 355
Kinship......Page 357
Legal Recognition......Page 358
Regulating Sexual Behavior......Page 359
Conferring Social Status......Page 360
No Borders, No Boundaries Asian Countries (Highlighted in Orange) Where There Are Abandoned Offspring of U.S. Servicemen......Page 361
Social Inequality......Page 362
Global Comparisons Countries with Highest and Lowest Total Fertility Rates......Page 363
Changing Family Structures in Two Cultures......Page 366
The Rise of the Breadwinner System......Page 368
Increased Life Expectancy......Page 369
Increased Employment Opportunities for Women......Page 370
Intersection of Biography and Society Confl icts between Career and Family......Page 371
The Fall of the Multigenerational Family System and the Rise of the Breadwinner System......Page 372
The Rise of the “Parasite Single” and the “New Single Concept”......Page 374
Entrenched Barriers to Employment......Page 375
Fundamental Shifts in the Economic System......Page 376
Decline in Parental Authority......Page 380
Status of Children......Page 381
Dramatic Increases in Life Expectancy......Page 383
The Caregiver Role in the United States and Japan......Page 384
Caregivers in the United States......Page 385
Caregivers in Japan......Page 387
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 388
Working for Change Dismantling a Big Lie......Page 367
Intersection of Biography and Society The Economic Role of Children in Labor-Intensive Environments......Page 382
13 Education: With Emphasis on the European Union......Page 391
Education......Page 393
Social Functions of Education......Page 394
Working for Change Service Learning in Higher Education......Page 396
Funding as a Broad Measure of Inequality......Page 397
Global Comparisons The Legacy of European Colonization on Language Instruction......Page 401
Centralized versus Decentralized Models......Page 403
Tracking......Page 404
European Tracking: Vocational versus University Tracks......Page 405
Self-Fulfi lling Prophecies......Page 406
Formal and Hidden Curriculum......Page 407
The Promise of Education......Page 411
Intersection of Biography and Society An American Teaching in French Vocational Schools......Page 413
The Adolescent Subculture......Page 414
Family Background......Page 417
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 420
No Borders, No Boundaries Study Abroad Destinations......Page 400
Intersection of Biography and Society European Students Studying in the United States Comment on American Teachers, Tests and Study Habits......Page 408
14 Religion: With Emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan......Page 425
What Is Religion?......Page 427
Beliefs about the Sacred......Page 428
Global Comparisons The World’s Predominant Religions......Page 429
Beliefs about the Profane......Page 431
Rituals......Page 432
Ecclesiae......Page 433
Sects and Established Sects......Page 434
Cults......Page 435
Civil Religion......Page 436
The United States and Muslims as Cold War Partners......Page 437
Civil Religion and Osama bin Laden......Page 438
Civil Religion and the War on Terror......Page 439
The Functionalist Perspective......Page 442
A Critique of the Functionalist Perspective of Religion......Page 443
A Critique of the Confl ict Perspective of Religion......Page 445
The Interplay between Economics and Religion......Page 447
Secularization......Page 449
Islamic Fundamentalism......Page 450
Jihad and Militant Islam......Page 452
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 453
No Borders, No Boundaries Countries with Signifi cant Percentages of Muslims......Page 441
Intersection of Biography and Society Personal Images of Jesus......Page 444
Working for Change Faith-Based Organizations in the United States......Page 446
15 Population and Urbanization: With Emphasis on India......Page 457
Births......Page 459
Migration......Page 461
Population Growth......Page 465
Age-Sex Composition......Page 466
Stage 1: High Birth and Death Rates......Page 468
Stage 2: Transition......Page 470
Stage 3: Low Death Rates and Declining Birth Rates......Page 471
Industrialization: An Uneven Experience......Page 472
Global Comparisons World Map of the British Empire and Commonwealth......Page 473
Birth and Death Rates......Page 474
Death Rates......Page 475
Urbanization......Page 476
Urbanization in Labor-Intensive Poor Economies versus Core Economies......Page 477
Urban versus Nonmetropolitan......Page 478
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 480
Working for Change The U.S. Census Bureau......Page 460
Intersection of Biography and Society Moving to the United States from Liberia......Page 463
No Borders, No Boundaries Countries That Attract the Most Americans Living Abroad......Page 464
16 Social Change: With Emphasis on Greenland......Page 483
Social Change......Page 485
Industrialization and Mechanization......Page 486
Globalization......Page 487
No Borders, No Boundaries Facts about UPS, a Global Package Delivery System......Page 488
The McDonaldization of Society......Page 489
The Information Explosion......Page 490
Innovations......Page 492
Revolutionary Ideas......Page 495
Conflict......Page 496
Social Movements......Page 497
What kinds of social interactions give insights into climate change’s effect on Greenland? (Chapter 1)......Page 500
How is the culture of Greenland’s Inuit and of other Arctic peoples changing because of climate change? (Chapter 3)......Page 501
Intersection of Biography and Society Cultural Change in the Arctic......Page 502
What social forces bring Greenlanders into interaction with outsiders and shape the relationships between the two groups? (Chapter 5)......Page 503
How do ideas about what constitutes deviance relate to outsiders’ interest or lack of interest in Greenland? (Chapter 7)......Page 504
How is racial stratifi cation in Greenland affected by the conditions under which outside racial groups make contact with the Inuit? (Chapter 9)......Page 505
Global Comparisons Global Access to Sustainable Water......Page 506
How might climate change affect Greenland’s fertility rate? (Chapter 12)......Page 507
What are formal and informal ways outsiders are coming to learn about Greenland, other Arctic cultures, and climate change? (Chapter 13)......Page 508
In light of the information explosion, how does one identify credible sources about climate change? (Chapter 16)......Page 509
VISUAL SUMMARY OF CORE CONCEPTS......Page 511
No Borders, No Boundaries Number of Airline Passengers Traveling between U.S. and Foreign Airports Annually, by Region......Page 493
Working for Change Protecting the Environment......Page 498
Appendix......Page 514
Key Concepts......Page 528
References......Page 544
Credits......Page 572
Index......Page 578