The African Union and African Agency in International Politics

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	Libya and That Other Thing: An Agential Cudgel
	The Problem of African Agency in International Affairs: From Fiction to “Agency Slack”
	The African Union and African Agency
	African Agency as an Inside-Out Dynamic
	Outline of the Chapters
2 African Agency as Agency Slack: From Fiction to Multilateral Empirics
	Agency Slack as African Agency: From Fiction and Phantoms to Realities
	A Case for African Multilateral Agency as Agency Slack
		Foreign Policy as African Agency and African Agency as Foreign Policy
		African Union: Foreign Policy Actor and Foreign Policy Maker
		The Context of Africa’s Agency Slack in International Affairs: Post-Coloniality, Identity and Ideology
		Agents, Elites and African Summitry as Drivers of African Agency
		Constituting Actors and Processes at AU: African Foreign Policy Making
3 African Agency in Historical Perspective: A History of Agency Slack
	African Agency in the Face of Imperialism and Patronage, 1950s–1990s
	France’s Unmasked Colonialism: An Unabashed on African Agency
	From Monrovia to Khartoum and Sirte (1960–1999)
	Regionalism and Agency: Africa’s Multilateral Arthritis
	African Agency Slack in the 1970s: Formation of the Africa-Arab League Partnership
	Negotiating African Agency from Within: Conferences and Summitry, 1980s–1990s
4 Agential Challenges Within African Regionalism and Security
	Agency in Regional Security Systems: Leadership, Roles and Burden Sharing
	Alliances and Coalitions in Regional Security
	Burden Sharing and Role Playing in Regional Security
	Politics of African Regional Security
	Empirics of African Collective Security and Implications for African Agency
		The AU Peace and Security Council and the African Security Regime
		No Hegemonic Leadership
		Decimated Political Will in the Era of Democratisation
		Financial Constraints
		Mutual Suspicion
		Lack of Coercive Power
5 African Agency in the Early Design of African Security Institutions
	The Institutionalization of the Peace and Security Council
	The Institutionalization of the Pan-African Network of the Panel of the Wise
	Continental Early Warning Systems
	The African Standby Force
	The AU Peace Fund
		Agency Without Leadership: An Experiment in Strategic Citizenship
		International Partners’ and APSA Institutions: Navigating Agency in the Mission Space
		EU Support Towards APSA Institutions
			The PSC and the COPS
	The African Standby Force and Peace Support Operations
	The Africa Peace Facility and the AU Peace Fund
	The Early Warning Systems and the PANWISE
		UN Support to the APSA
	UN Support to the ASF: AU PST to the UNOSOA
	UNSC Relationship with the Peace and Security Council
		UN Support to the Continental Early Warning Systems
	UN Support to the APF: The Parallel Funding
	Failed UN Support to PANWISE
		NATO Support to APSA
	Support to the ASF: Between HQ and the Mission Space
	Explaining Lack of Support to the PSC, CEWS, PANWISE, APF
		US AFRICOM Support to the AU and APSA
	Support to the African Standby Force
	Support to the AU Peace Fund
	Explaining Lack of Support to CEWS, PANWISE and PSC
		Partners’ Support and the Situs of African Agency
6 The Africa–EU Partnership and African Agency: Model or Pareidolia?
	Origins of the Partnership
	Diplomacy and Engagement: From Lomé to Cotonou
	Support Towards APSA Institutions and Latitude for More African Action
	The African Standby Force and Peace Support Operations
	The Africa Peace Facility and the AU Peace Fund
	Preference Coordination Between Africa and Europe
	On Palpable Agential Outcomes
	Is This an Epitome of African Agency in International Partnerships?
	Soft Coercion, Power and Forum Shopping: Teetering on the Verge of Agency Slack?
7 Shirking in AU Partnerships: The UN and NATO
	Introduction
	The AU–UN Partnership
		Origins of the Partnership
		Engagement and Contention
		Nested Causes of Shirking
		Shirking in an Indispensable Partnership
		Teetering on the Brink of Full African Agency?
	The AU–NATO Partnership
		Origins of Contentions in the AU–NATO Partnership
		Lackadaisical Diplomacy and Engagement: A Symptom of Shirking
		A Continuum of Diverging Preferences and Linked Interests
		Sources of Shirking in the AU–NATO Partnership
		Teetering on Slippage? AU–NATO Pre-Libyan Intervention
8 Slippage in AU Partnerships: The US Africa Command
	Institutional Design of AFRICOM
	Origins and Motivations for the Partnership
	Institutional Map of the Partnership
	Diplomacy and Engagement, 2007–2013
	Contentious Preferences
	Slippage Between Addis and Washington
	Slippage or Another Degree of Shirking?
	African Agency in AU and AFRICOM Strategic Futures
9 Conclusion
	Diplomatic Engagement and Partnership Outcomes
	African Strategic Citizenship
	Imperialism, Coloniality and Forum Shopping
	The Historical and Chronological Influence on Agency
	Major Events in the History of the Partnerships
	The Nature of Agreement and Partnerships
	Cognitive Regionalism, Security and agency
	Interest and Preference Linkage and agency
	Caveats on These Conclusions
	Wither Agency Slack in the Partnerships
Index