The affordable housing reader

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
Contributors
Editors' introduction to the second edition
Part 1: Conflicting motivations for housing policy
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
1. A citizen's guide to public housing: Vassar College, 1940
	I Background facts
		The American housing problems: analysis by a Congressional Committee
	II What are we doing about it?
		Instruments at hand, and what we may expect of them
	The local housing authority: What it is and does
	State of the low-rent public housing program
2. The Housing Act of 1949: Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1949
	Central administration of the program
	Local requirements
	Types of projects
	Financing redevelopment projects
	Form of local contribution
	Lease or sale
	Vacant land projects
	Challenge to planning
	Notes
3. The evolution of low-income housing policy, 1949 to 1999: Housing policy debate, 2000
	Introduction
	The housing goal: Overview of the first 50 years
	The 1949 goal: Neither timetable nor means
		The 1960s: Alternatives to public housing
	The 1968 reaffirmation: Both timetable and means
	The Nixon administration embraces the 1968 goals
	Second-guessing the production strategy: The 1971 report on the national housing goal
		Cost
		Equity
		Environment
		Attacks on the production programs from all sides
	The Proxmire attack
	The 1973 moratorium
	Housing vouchers: Retooling an old idea
		The EHAP
		Vouchers and production: Head-to-head competition
		The "triumph" of vouchers
	Block grants and the illusion of federal control
		Housing block grants: Competing models in the mid-1970s
		Housing block grants: An idea in eclipse
		The housing establishment endorses block grants; Congress eventually agrees
	The LIHTC
		How the LIHTC works?
		LIHTC as a production program
		LIHTC as a block grant
		The LIHTC's friends and critics
	Conclusion
	References
4. The Kerner Commission and Housing Policy: The Road Not Taken: Housing and Criminal Justice 50 Years after the Kerner Commission Report, 2019
	Today's Racial Injustice Is a Continuation of the "Profiles of Disorder" Analyzed in the 1968 Kerner Commission Report
	The Perils of Desegregation
	The Debate over Residential Segregation before the Kerner Commission Report
	George Romney's Open Communities
	Housing Policy Since the Kerner Commission Report
	Housing Policy Today
	Notes
5. Advancing the right to housing in the United States: Using international law as a foundation: International Human Rights Committeeof the New York City Bar Association, 2016
	Introduction
	I The right to adequate housing under international law
		A The human rights framework on the right to adequate housing
			1 International legal principles
			2 Regional and national protections
		B The specific nature of state obligations under the human rights legal framework
		C Housing's impact on other rights
	II The right to adequate housing under US law
		A Federal housing laws
		B State and local law
			1 States generally
			2 New York State and New York City
	III Shortcomings of US housing law and policy
		A Discrimination in the housing market
			1 Steering
			2 Financing and predatory lending
			3 Tax credits
		B Discrimination in the rental market
		C Post-natural disaster housing crisis
	IV Conclusion
	Notes
Part 2: Defining and measuring housing problems
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
6. What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach: Housing Policy Debate, 2006
	Introduction
	The logic of housing affordability
		Semantic and substantive issues relating to affordability
		Conceptual rigor versus practical policy implications
		Housing affordability versus "affordable housing"
		Housing affordability versus housing standards
		A normative standard of affordability versus an empirical analysis of housing costs in relation to incomes
		Diverse and incompatible definitions of housing affordability
		Relative measures
		Subjective approaches
		Family budget standards approach
		The ratio approach
		The residual income concept of housing affordability
	Debates about affordability standards
	Operationalizing a residual income standard
		Nonhousing necessities
		Personal taxes
	Implications and applications
		Analysis of housing problems and needs
		Eligibility and payment standards for housing subsidies
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
7. How do we know when housing is "affordable"?: Rethinking Federal Housing Policy, 2008
	Poverty and housing affordability
	Affordability across space
	How should housing affordability be measured?
	Notes
8. How affordable is HUD affordable housing?: Housing Policy Debate, 2016
	Literature review
		Housing affordability
		Shortcomings of CNT's and LAI's transportation cost models
	Methods
		Sample
		Data and variables
		Statistical methods
		Transportation models
		Travel outcome computations
		Cost calculations
	Results and discussion
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	Notes
	References
9. Consequences of segregation for children's opportunity and wellbeing: Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2017
	Introduction
	Children's neighborhood differences extend beyond poverty
	Effects of residential segregation on children
	Segregated neighborhoods/segregated schools
		Highest levels of segregation occur at critical preschool age
	Rising income segregation isolates poor and minority students in disadvantaged schools
	Effects of segregation/integration on academic achievement
	School integration brings benefits beyond achievement gains
	Discussion
	Notes
	References
10. Home is where the harm is: Inadequate housing as a public health crisis: American Journal of Public Health, 2002
	Dangerous comfort
	Home sick
	Primary prevention
	Meeting the demand for adequate housing
	Communities fight back
	Getting specific
	Public health and social justice
	A community in crisis
	At risk in rural America
	Effecting change from within
	References
Part 3: Housing tenures
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
11. The grapes of rent: A history of renting in a country of owners: Housing Policy Debate, 2010
	The bias of ownership
	The colonial heritage: Property, taxes, and suffrage
	Property and tenancy in the confederation
	Land sales and homesteads: Privatization for ownership
	A gradual change of strategy: From giving land away to giving incentives to buy
	Who owns America?
	Conclusions
	References
12. The sustainability of low-income homeownership: The incidence of unexpected costs and needed repairs among low-income homebuyers: Housing Policy Debate, 2011
	Introduction
	Literature review
		Mortgage burden
		Tax benefits
		Maintenance
		Accessing home equity
	Data and methodology
		Sample
	Findings
		Ability to meet housing expenditures
		Housing burden
		Income and nonhousing assets
		Housing costs and repairs
		Access to credit and debt
		Outstanding nonmortgage debt
		Who is likely to experience problems after home purchase?
	Conclusions and implications
	Notes
	References
13. Old wine in private equity bottles? Resurgence of contract-for-deed home sales in US urban neighborhoods: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2018
	Introduction
	The racialized history of the CFD
	The CFD in the 21st century
	Examining the practices of a CFD seller
	The geography of a CFD seller
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
14. Making home more affordable: Community land trusts adopting cooperative ownership models to expand affordable housing: Journal of Community Practice, 2018
	Introduction
	Literature review
		SEH models
		Assessing CLT and LEC models: A review of the research
			CLTs
	LECs
	Methodology and data
	Findings
		CLTs with LEC projects: introduction to the cases
			Lopez Community Land Trust
			San Francisco Community Land Trust
			Northern California Land Trust
			Champlain Housing Trust
			Cooper Square Mutual Housing Association
		Case comparison: Units, housing markets, and affordability
		CLT and LECs: Better together?
			Project impetus: The rationales for CLTs to explore the LEC model
	The role(s) of the CLT in LEC projects
		The CLT-LEC relationship
	Discussion and conclusion
	Notes
	References
Part 4: Provision of affordable housing
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
15. The quadruple bottom line and nonprofit housing organizations in the United States: Housing Studies, 2012
	Introduction
	The US social housing sector
	Nonprofit social housing organizations add activities to fulfill missions: A preview of the current movement toward hybridity
	Key reason for nonprofits incorporating private market operations: Changes in public funding for affordable housing
	Mediating the private market and the quadruple bottom line
		As nonprofits' missions broaden, the potential conflicts inherent in trying to meet all components of the "quadruple bottom line" become apparent
		In attempting to meet the "Quadruple Bottom Line," nonprofits are likely to become more hybrid in their operations
		Federal funding cutbacks put more pressure on nonprofits to become more hybrid in their operations
		Increased hybridity in nonprofits' operations makes fulfilling the "Quadruple Bottom Line" more challenging
	Concluding observations
	References
16. American murder mystery revisited: Do housing voucher households cause crime?: Housing Policy Debate, 2012
	Introduction
	Background and prior literature
	Data and methods
		Descriptive statistics
		Methods
	Results
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
17. From public housing to public-private housing: 75 Years of American Social Experimentation
	Public housing as social experimentation
	Seeking out the barely poor
	Seeking out the elderly
	Seeking out the most needy: A contested interlude
	Seeking private landlords
	Seeking private developers
	Seeking community partners and private investors
	Seeking the return of the worthy poor
	Public housing: W(h)ither the public?
	Notes
	References
18. What should be the future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program?: Housing Policy Debate, 2018
	The basics of the LIHTC program
	Literature review
		Are LIHTC units being located in distressed areas and areas with concentrations of minorities?
	Is the LIHTC program promoting mixed-income housing at the neighborhood level and the project level?
	Is the LIHTC serving a price point in the rental markets with a need for more units?
	Is the LIHTC program serving tight markets with new construction, and rehabbing units in soft markets?
	Should the LIHTC program help people or places?
	Data
	Analysis
	Research question 1: How are LIHTC units distributed by level of distress and racial composition?
	Research question 2: Are LIHTC developments promoting mixed-income housing?
	Research question 3: How are LIHTC units distributed across tracts by shortage of units for the income segment served by the LIHTC program?
	Research Question 4: How are LIHTC units distributed across tracts by vacancy rate with new construction favored in tracts with a scarcity and rehabilitation in tracts with a surplus?
	Conclusions and policy implications
		A set of reforms to the program could address these issues
	Notes
	References
Part 5: The meaning of place
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
19. Federal support for CDCs: Some of the history and issues of community control: The Review of Black Political Economy, 1973
	I Introduction
	II History
		A Program control
		B The experiment
	III Community economic development
		A Central goal
	Notes
20. W(h)ither the community in community land trusts?: Journal of Urban Affairs, 2018
	Introduction
	Institutionalizing and professionalizing movements
	Community control and community empowerment in the history of CLTs
		The literature on community control in contemporary CLTs
	The mission statements: What do the CLTs themselves say?
	The CLT practitioners and funders in their own words
	The growth of big CLTs
	CLTs as technocratic policy intervention
	The representation of CLTs: The expulsion of radical politics
	Why does it matter what has been lost?
		The multifaceted CLT
		The empowering CLT
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
21. Community Development Corporations in the right-sizing city: Remaking the CDC model of urban redevelopment: Journal of Urban Affairs, 2018
	Introduction
	The shifting roles of CDCs
		Right-sizing in Detroit
	The new role of CDCs
		Competing visions
		CDC constraints in the right-sizing coalition
		Spatial funding agendas
		Silencing of race-class critiques of redevelopment
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	Notes
	References
22. Planning for empowerment: Upending the traditional approach to planning for affordable housing in the face of gentrification: Planning Theory and Practice, 2016
	Introduction
	Rights, resistance and the emerging sites of planning
	Methodology
	Sites of planning in Washington, DC
	The Columbia Heights case
	Sites of planning: Tenants and advocates
	Sites of planning: Making connections between tenants, advocates, and government
	Sites of planning: Advocacy and policy
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Part 6: Planning and land use
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
23. It's time to end single-family zoning: Journal of the American Planning Association, 2020
	The case against R1
	The nonexistent case for R1
	Conclusion: The elephant in planning's room
	Notes
	References
24. Democracy in action? NIMBY as impediment to equitable affordable housing siting: Housing Studies, 2015
	Introduction
	The conflict between democracy and equity
		Democracy: The communicative turn
		Equity: Seeking just outcomes for the marginalized
	Siting affordable housing
	Approach
	Results
		Opposition by project location and type
		The who, how, and when of opposition
		The effects of opposition
		Overcoming NIMBY
	Discussion
		Promoting democratic principles
		Promoting equitable outcomes
	Conclusion: Improving democracy and equity in affordable housing
		Siting decisions
	Notes
	References
25. Progress for whom, toward what? Progressive politics and New York City's Mandatory Inclusionary Housing: The Journal of Urban Affairs, 2017
	The progressive past
	The progressive present
	Case study: Mandatory Inclusionary Housing
	Progress for tenants toward housing security
	Notes
	References
26. One size fits none: Local context and planning for the preservation of affordable housing: Housing Policy Debate, 2019
	The preservation challenge and responses
		Local policy responses for preservation
	Local strategies in context
	Chicago: Working with private owners to address poor conditions
		The preservation compact
		New resources
		Policy innovation
	Tenant-based preservation in Washington, DC
		The DC Preservation Network
		Policy innovation
	Austin, Texas: An emerging initiative
		Disjointed policy development
		Persistent policy challenges
	Discussion
		Defining local preservation problems
		Marrying federal and local resources
		Preservation networks
	Conclusion
	Funding
	Note
	References
Part 7: Threats to housing security
	Editor's introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
27. Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction: American Journal of Sociology
	The decline of affordable housing for poor Americans
	The prevalence of eviction
	Who gets evicted?
	Consequences of eviction
	Policy implications
	Notes
28. Metropolitan segregation and the subprime lending crisis: Housing Policy Debate, 2012
	Subprime lending and the current economic crisis
	An overview of mortgage lending in minority neighborhoods
	Predictors of subprime lending
	Data and methodology
	Analytic strategy
	Results
	Discussion
	Further research
	Policy recommendations
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
29. Inequities in long-term housing recovery after disasters: Journal of the American Planning Association, 2014
	Data and methods
	Analytical approach
	Findings
		The effects of damage are long lasting
		Owner-occupied housing suffers less damage and recovers more quickly
		Housing in higher-income neighborhoods suffers less damage and recovers more quickly
		The consequences of race and ethnicity are mixed
		Multifamily housing recovers more slowly and is susceptible to change
	Conclusions and recommendations
	Incorporate hazard mitigation and disaster recovery into comprehensive planning
		Increase housing choice
		Direct recovery assistance to those who need it most
	Limitations and future research
	Notes
	References
30. Rental housing assistance and health: Evidence from the survey of income and program participation
	Why rental housing assistance may improve low-income renters' health
		Low, fixed housing costs
		Protection against eviction
		Housing and neighborhood conditions
		Effects of rental assistance on health
	Methodology
		Data sources and variables
		Modeling approaches
		Limitations
	Does rental assistance improve low-income renters' health?
		Differences between assisted and unassisted renters
		Determinants of renters' health status and spending
		Effects of living in assisted housing on renters' health
		Effects of moving into assisted housing on renters' health
	Discussion and conclusion
	Notes
	References
Part 8: Race and fair housing
	Editor's Introduction
	In This Section
	References and Further Reading
31. Whiteness and urban planning: Journal of the American Planning Association, 2020
	Toward a whiteness framework for urban planning
		Components of the framework
		Whiteness and exclusion
		The value of whiteness
		The invisibility of whiteness
		The durability of whiteness
	What a whiteness frame can mean for urban planning
		Implications for urban planning research
	Implications for urban planning practice
		Surfacing whiteness
		Rethinking exclusionary land use planning
		Antisubordination planning
		Community power and value capture
		Reparative planning
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
32. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities with zoning in the United States: Journal of Planning Literature, 2017
	Exclusionary zoning
	Intensive and expulsive zoning
	Zoning as a tool of minority integration and protection
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
33. Still paying the race tax? Analyzing property values in homogeneous and mixed-race suburbs: Journal of Urban Affairs, 2010
	Literature review
		Gap in property value appreciation rates in neighborhoods with different racial and ethnic compositions
	Factors that explain the gap in property value appreciation rates in neighborhoods with different racial and ethnic compositions
		Economic factors
		Structural factors
	Data and methodology
		Data
	Methodology
	Results
		Descriptive statistics
		Property values and their appreciation
		Influences on property values
	Public policies
	Conclusions and future research
	Notes
	References
34. The duty to affirmatively further fair housing: A legal as well as policy imperative
	The statutory duty to affirmatively further fair housing
		Litigation
			Boston Chapter of NAACP
			Westchester
		Regulation
			What will "Compliance" with the AFFH regulation look like?
	Lessons from the Voting Rights Act
	Using AFFH to enforce the Fair Housing Act and related civil rights laws
	AFFH beyond HUD
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Copyright acknowledgments
Index