The ABC's of Science, Technology & Innovation (STI) Policy: Spelling Out Problems, Consequences and Viable Solutions

Glossary of Terms
Introduction
Author’s Introduction
Contents
About the Author
A – Aristotle’s Three States of Knowledge
	First State of Knowledge: Epistêmê or Conceptual Discovery
	Second State of Knowledge: Technê or Prototype Invention
	Third State of Knowledge: Phronesis or Industrial Innovation
	Aristotle’s States of Knowledge Versus Current STI Policy & Practice
	Knowledge Attributes Are Unique Within Each State
	The Utility of Knowledge States for Understanding Innovation
B – Vannaver Bush’s Fateful Omission
	Post-WWII STI Policy
	The Focus on Scientific Research
	The Inherent Bias of STI Policy Advisors
C – Coalition Eisenhower Didn’t Foresee
	Local Incentives Drive National Policies
	National Policies Drive Funding Allocations
	Government Funding Allocations Expand Government Agencies
	Explosive Growth in Government Spending
	The Rise of the Academic-Bureaucratic Complex
	Professional Incentives in Academia
	Professional Incentives in Government
	The Opportunity Cost of Professional Incentives
D – Development Versus Research
	Intentions Do Not Equal Results
	The Intractable Linkage Between Research and Development
	Engineering Methods Differ from Scientific Methods
	The Corporate Role of Engineering
	The Profit Motive in Private Sector Corporations
	The Bias Against for-Profit Sector
	The Necessary Emergence of Corporate Laboratories
	Development Is Indeed Different
E – Everett Rogers’ Innovation Definition
	Perception Versus Reality
	The Policy Implications of Conflated Terminology
	The Legacy of Conflated Dynamics
	Government Bureaucracy Legacy
	Academic Scholar Legacy
	Industrial Sector Response
F – Federal Laboratory Consortium
	The Operational Organization of Federal Labs
	Role of the Federal Laboratory Consortium
	Lessons from Exploratory Demonstration Projects
	Lessons from Focused Demonstration Projects
G – Government Bias in Funding
	Funding Drives Policy Implementation
	Government Funding for Basic Scientific Research
	Disproportionate Growth in Public Funding to University Sector
	Government Funding for Applied Scientific Research
	Another Disproportionate Leap in Public Funding to University Sector
	Commensurate Growth in Funding to Sponsoring Government Agencies
	The Practical Implications of Government Policy Bias
	Restoring Balance Requires Objective Analysis
H – Project Hindsight Versus Traces
	Powerful Interests on a Collision Course
	Assessing Contributions to Product Innovation
	Pre-Emptive Strike on the Message and Messenger
	Putting a Contract Out on DoD
	Hiring the Hit Man
	Pulling the Trigger
	A Second Wave of Button Men
	Disposing of the Evidence
	Dead Studies Tell No Tales
I – Idea Factory Lessons
	History’s Most Innovative Corporation
	The Corporate Formula for Sustained Innovation
	Risk and Reward Across Sectors
	Academic Incentive System
	Government Incentive System
	Incentives Shape Behaviors
J – Juggling STI Terminology
	Accounting Rules Influence Innovation Terms
	Terminology Influences Positions and Decisions
	The Best of Both Worlds
K – Knowledge Communication
	Transforming the Tacit into the Explicit
	Communicate Across Sectors and Cultures
	When Incentives Are Disincentives
	Knowledge Translation as a Strategy
	Exceptions Prove the Rule
L – Logic Models at Work
	The Benefits of Logic Models
	The Problem of Illogic Models
	Progress Milestones Across Three Knowledge States
	Tracking Milestones Keeps Projects on Track
M – Multiplier Effect
	A Promise of Future Benefit
	From Addition to Multiplication
	From Multiplication to Division
	Organic Versus Artificial Growth
N – National Science Foundation
	Scientific Research as a National Priority
	The Science of Science and Innovation Policy
	Subjective Analysis Yields Desired Conclusions
	The Process of Sponsoring Scientific Research
	A System Designed for Long-Term Priorities
	The Potential Role for Objective Inquiry
O – Orphan Product Approach
	Industry Underwrites Research and Development
	Industry Performs Most Development Activity
	When the Market Opportunity Is Too Large or Too Small
	The Role of Procurement Contracts in Orphan Products
	The Role of Exploratory Grants in Orphan Products
	Matching Process to Desired Outcome
	Limitations to Addressing Market Failures
	The Case of the Standing/Climbing Wheelchair
P – Push Versus Pull
	Subordinating Demand Pull to Supply Push
	Integrating Both Forces to Achieve Innovation
	Existing Bias Favors Push Over Pull
	The Challenge of Monitoring Supply Forces
	The Effort Required Outweighs the Potential Reward
	Defending Bias of the False Dichotomy
Q – EQuations for National Innovation
	Constructing an Innovation Equation
	The Problem with an Equation of Convenience
	GERD/GDP = Level of Innovation
	An Illustrative Example
R – Rhetoric Versus Reality
	Mismatching Methods and Results
	Innovation as Socio-economic Benefit
	Evidence-Based Examples of the Disconnect
	A New Shortcut to Claimed Success
	Problems Within the Proposal Process
	Problems with Grant Implementation
	Problems Within the Grant Review Process
	Problems Within the Grant Management Process
	Implications for Innovation-Oriented Programs
	Hope on the Horizon for STI Policy
S – Subordinating Engineering to Science
	The Pivot Toward Science
	The Pivot from Engineering to Technology
	The Payoff from the Pivots
	Expanding the Payoff
	Delineating Types of Scientific Research
	What About Engineering Development?
	Delineating Types of Engineering Development
T – Technology Transfer Offices
	From Copyright to Patent Claim
	Transferring Ownership from Government to University
	The Rise of ORTA’s and TTO’s
	The Effect on Industry Engagement
	Hazards of Inter-sector Collaboration
	The Challenge of Brokering the Unknown
	A Fox in the Henhouse
	Professional Incentives in Play
	Government Bias at Work
U – University as Free Enterprise
	Staying on Message
	Why the Message Is Inaccurate
	How the Message Supports the Academic Operation
	The Bottom-Line Is Something Else Entirely
	History Leads by Example
	Re-branding as a Marketing Strategy
V – Valuation of Invention Claims
	To Protect and Pursue or Not
	Challenges to Making a Deal
	Early Diligence Is Key to Value
	Four Essential Questions
	Prior Collaborations Facilitate Transfer
	Minding the Gaps in Process
W – New Net Wealth
	The Private Sector’s Metrics
	National Government Metrics
	Industry Generates Wealth
X – Xi Jinping’s China Strategy
	China’s Focused on Industry
	Leveraging the West’s Outputs
	China Is Nation Z
Y – WhY STI Fallacies Persist
	Doubling Down on Myth
	Investigators Caught in the Paradox
	Insights from Investigators
	Planning for Outcomes
	Integrating Decision Gates
	Logic Models as a Planning Framework
Z – Zero Sum Game
	The Paradigm Persists
	Necessary But Not Sufficient
	Winners and Losers
?– What Comes After Z?
	Recapping STI Policy Trajectory
	Evidence of Continued Support
	Detrimental Downstream Consequences
	Options for Correcting the Trajectory
	A Focused Message for STI Policy Change
Correction to: The ABC’s of Science, Technology & Innovation (STI) Policy