Textiles for Protection (Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles)

Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 16
Introduction......Page 22
Part I Materials and design......Page 32
1.2 Market prospects......Page 34
1.3 Classification......Page 36
1.4 Materials and technologies......Page 46
1.5 Future of personal protection......Page 53
1.6 References......Page 56
2.1 Introduction......Page 62
2.2 Requirements......Page 66
2.3 International standards......Page 73
2.4 Certification......Page 76
2.5 Future trends......Page 84
2.6 Sources of further information and advice......Page 86
2.7 References......Page 89
3.1 Introduction......Page 91
3.2 Factors influencing the design development process......Page 92
3.3 Clothing systems and functionality......Page 104
3.4 Reconciling fashion and function......Page 112
3.5 Future trends......Page 116
3.7 References......Page 119
4.1 Introduction......Page 121
4.2 Assess hazards......Page 123
4.3 Identify relevant standards, specifications or guidelines......Page 125
4.4 Screen materials based on protection performance......Page 127
4.5 Selection of materials based on other major factors......Page 137
4.6 Future trends......Page 140
4.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 145
4.8 References......Page 146
5.1 Introduction......Page 148
5.2 More extensible fibres......Page 151
5.3 Carbon fibres......Page 155
5.4 Aramid and related fibres......Page 157
5.5 High-modulus polyethylene......Page 160
5.6 PBO and M5......Page 161
5.7 Inorganic fibres......Page 162
5.8 Resistant polymer fibres......Page 164
5.9 Nano-fibres......Page 168
5.10 Fibres to fabrics......Page 171
5.11 References......Page 178
6.2 Technical textiles......Page 182
6.3 Types of hazards......Page 195
6.4 Mechanical hazards......Page 196
6.5 Pressure hazards......Page 199
6.7 Chemical and biological hazards......Page 200
6.8 Electrical and radiation hazards......Page 203
6.10 References......Page 204
7.1 Introduction......Page 207
7.2 Applications of smart textiles for protective purposes......Page 209
7.3 Sensor function......Page 211
7.5 Actuators......Page 216
7.7 Communication......Page 219
7.8 Thermal protection......Page 221
7.11 References......Page 224
8.2 Types of surface treatment......Page 227
8.3 Early treatments for protective textiles......Page 228
8.4 Progression to modern treatments......Page 229
8.5 Choice of treatments in relation to fibre and fabric types......Page 230
8.6 Treatment process fundamentals......Page 232
8.7 Treatment application systems......Page 238
8.8 Brief overview of finishes for protection......Page 240
8.9 Future trends......Page 245
8.10 References......Page 246
9.1 Introduction......Page 248
9.2 Thermal manikins......Page 249
9.3 Measuring the insulation of protective clothing systems......Page 251
9.4 Measuring the evaporative resistance of protective clothing systems......Page 254
9.6 Moving manikins......Page 256
9.7 Manikin tests vs. fabric tests......Page 260
9.10 References......Page 261
10.2 Definition of comfort......Page 264
10.3 Test methods for heat and moisture transfer......Page 269
10.4 Measurement of thermal comfort with practice-related traits......Page 275
10.5 Moisture storage and influence on protection......Page 279
10.6 Future trends......Page 282
10.7 References......Page 284
11.1 Introduction......Page 292
11.2 Thermal hazard and lab simulation......Page 295
11.3 Modeling heat transfer in protective fabrics......Page 298
11.4 Heat transfer models......Page 299
11.5 Modeling thermal degradation in fabrics......Page 302
11.6 Skin heat transfer model and burn evaluation......Page 303
11.7 Manikin fire heat test model development......Page 307
11.8 Model predictions......Page 314
11.9 References......Page 320
Part II General protection requirements and applications......Page 324
12.2 Classification of chemical protective clothing......Page 326
12.3 Garment types, materials, design features and sizing......Page 332
12.4 Garment material chemical resistance testing......Page 344
12.5 Overall CPC integrity performance......Page 364
12.6 Other CPC performance properties......Page 371
12.7 CPC specification and classification standards......Page 374
12.8 Summary......Page 376
12.9 References......Page 377
12.10 Appendix: list of referenced standards......Page 379
13.1 Introduction......Page 386
13.3 Assessment of ultraviolet protection of textiles......Page 387
13.4 Standards for UV protective textiles......Page 392
13.5 Textiles as protection from ultraviolet radiation......Page 394
13.6 Future trends......Page 404
13.7 References......Page 405
14.2 The cold environment......Page 409
14.3 Energy metabolism, heat production and physical work......Page 411
14.4 The human heat balance equation......Page 412
14.5 Requirements for protection......Page 414
14.6 Measurements of clothing performance......Page 415
14.7 Performance of clothing for cold protection......Page 418
14.8 Specific materials and textiles for cold protection......Page 423
14.10 References......Page 426
15.1 Introduction......Page 429
15.2 Fire science factors......Page 430
15.3 Flame retardant fibres and textiles......Page 434
15.4 Heat and fire resistant fibres and textiles......Page 442
15.5 Design issues......Page 449
15.6 Testing and performance......Page 454
15.7 Future trends......Page 467
15.8 References......Page 468
16.1 Introduction......Page 472
16.2 Bacterial and liquid transmission through fabrics......Page 474
16.3 Fabrics used in gowns and drapes......Page 477
16.5 Gown design......Page 482
16.6 Guidelines, recommended standards, practices and regulations......Page 483
16.7 Related studies......Page 489
16.8 Critical issues today......Page 491
16.9 References......Page 492
17.1 Introduction......Page 496
17.2 Filtration theories......Page 497
17.4 Manufacturing methods of filtration materials used for respiratory tract protection......Page 509
17.5 Assessment of filter materials used for protection of the respiratory tract......Page 524
17.6 References......Page 530
17.7 Appendix: notation......Page 532
18.1 Introduction......Page 534
18.2 Principles of electrostatics......Page 535
18.3 Electrostatic hazards......Page 540
18.4 Measurement techniques......Page 543
18.5 Abatement of static electricity......Page 548
18.6 Future trends......Page 551
18.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 553
18.8 References......Page 555
19.1 Introduction......Page 560
19.2 History of body armours......Page 561
19.3 Ballistic protective materials......Page 563
19.4 Fabric structures used for body armour......Page 568
19.5 Working mechanism of body armour......Page 570
19.6 United States NIJ test methods for bullet resistant armours......Page 572
19.7 Design and manufacture of ballistic body armour......Page 576
19.8 Ballistic helmets......Page 580
19.9 Future trends......Page 582
19.10 References and further reading......Page 585
20.1 Introduction......Page 588
20.2 Current CB protective clothing and individual equipment standards......Page 592
20.3 Different types of protective materials......Page 595
20.4 Proper protective material designs......Page 598
20.5 Clothing system designs......Page 602
20.6 Testing and evaluation of CB protective materials and clothing systems......Page 604
20.7 Future trends......Page 612
20.9 References......Page 613
Appendix I Chemical warfare agent characteristics......Page 616
Appendix 2 Selected biological agent characteristics......Page 619
Appendix 3 Protective gloves and shoes......Page 622
Appendix 4 Overgarment and other chemical protective clothing systems......Page 623
Appendix 5 ITAP, STEPO and other selected civilian emergency response clothing systems......Page 624
Appendix 6 Selected toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)......Page 625
Part III Case studies......Page 626
21.1 Introduction......Page 628
21.2 General requirements for military protective textiles......Page 629
21.3 Textiles for environmental protection......Page 630
21.4 Military combat clothing systems......Page 633
21.5 Thermal and water vapour resistance data for combat clothing systems......Page 634
21.6 Ballistic protection......Page 635
21.7 Camouflage, concealment and deception......Page 640
21.8 Flames, heat and flash protection......Page 644
21.9 Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection......Page 647
21.10 Future trends......Page 648
21.11 References......Page 650
22.2 Different tasks and environments......Page 653
22.3 Types of clothing needed for protection......Page 658
22.4 Materials used in firefighters\' protective clothing......Page 660
22.5 Design, sizing and ergonomics......Page 666
22.6 Effect of moisture on thermal protection......Page 669
22.7 Selection, use and care......Page 670
22.8 Future trends......Page 671
22.10 References......Page 673
23.1 Introduction......Page 679
23.2 History......Page 680
23.3 Police requirements......Page 681
23.4 Knife performance......Page 683
23.5 Fundamental principles of knife impact......Page 686
23.6 Knife protection design principles......Page 690
23.7 Protection levels......Page 691
23.8 Test methodology......Page 694
23.9 Stab resistant body armour construction and manufacture......Page 702
23.11 References......Page 707
24.2 Hazards of military aircraft operation......Page 709
24.3 Performance requirements for military flight suits......Page 711
24.4 Contribution of materials to meeting performance requirements......Page 716
24.5 Contribution of garment design parameters......Page 718
24.6 Future trends......Page 724
24.8 Bibliography......Page 725
25.1 Introduction......Page 730
25.3 Requirements and performance of protective clothing......Page 731
25.4 Maintenance of themal protective performance properties......Page 738
25.6 Bibliography......Page 741
26.2 Motorcycle clothing in the past......Page 745
26.3 Development of European Standards......Page 748
26.4 Impact abrasion resistance tests......Page 751
26.5 Other test methods......Page 754
26.6 Manufacture of textile garments......Page 755
26.7 Police motorcyclists clothing trials......Page 760
26.9 References......Page 763
26.10 Appendix......Page 764
Index......Page 765