Textile Wastewater Treatment: Sustainable Bio-nano Materials and Macromolecules, Volume 1 (Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry)

Contents
About the Editors
Textile Industry: Pollution Health Risks and Toxicity
	1 Introduction
	2 Textile Industry Processes
		2.1 Yarn Manufacturing
		2.2 Fabric Manufacturing
		2.3 Product Planning
		2.4 Processes Responsible for Environmental Pollution Especially for Dyes
	3 Environmental Pollution and Textile Industries
		3.1 Water Pollution
		3.2 Soil Pollution
		3.3 Textile Aerial Pollution
		3.4 Dye Pollution
	4 Health Risks
		4.1 Air Pollution and Health Risks
		4.2 Land Pollution and Health Risks
		4.3 Water Pollution and Health Risks
		4.4 Dye Pollution
		4.5 Dye Classification and Health Effects
		4.6 Colouring Agents
	5 Other Aspects of Textile Industries
		5.1 Microplastics
	6 Conclusion
	References
Applications of Chitosan- and Chitin-Based Biomaterials in Cationic Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Cationic Dyes
		2.1 Harmful Effects of Cationic Dyes
		2.2 Current Removal Methods of Cationic Dyes
	3 Chitin and Chitosan
		3.1 Importance of Chitosan- and Chitin-Based Biomaterials for Dye Removal
		3.2 Different Types of Chitosan/Chitin-Based Biomaterials for Dye Removal
		3.3 Recent Studies on Cationic Dye Removal Using Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Biomaterials
	4 Major Limitations
	5 Future Prospective
	6 Conclusions
	References
Chitosan-Based Composite Beads for Removal of Anionic Dyes
	1 Introduction
	2 Adsorption: The Future Technology
		2.1 Adsorbents
		2.2 Types of Adsorbents
	3 Use of Chitosan Beads as Adsorbents
	4 Chitosan Composite Beads for Adsorption of Anionic Dyes
		4.1 Chitosan/Montmorillonite Composites
		4.2 Chitosan/Bentonite Composites
		4.3 Chitosan/Polyurethane Composites
		4.4 Chitosan/Kaolinite Composites
		4.5 Chitosan/Plant Materials Composites
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Lignin-Based Biomaterials in Textile Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Pure and Processed Lignin in Textile Wastewater
		2.1 Pure Lignin in Wastewater Treatment
		2.2 Kraft Lignin in Wastewater Treatment
		2.3 Alkaline Lignin in Wastewater Treatment
		2.4 Sulfonate Lignin in Wastewater Treatment
		2.5 Organosolv Lignin in Wastewater Treatment
	3 Chemically Modified Lignin in Textile Wastewater
		3.1 Lignin Modified with Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
		3.2 Lignin Modified with Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups in Wastewater Treatment
		3.3 Lignin Modified with Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups in Wastewater Treatment
	4 Lignin-Based Hybrid Biomaterials in Textile Wastewater
	5 Lignin-Based Polymer Composite Materials for Wastewater Treatment
	6 Lignin-Based Nanocomposite Materials for Wastewater Treatment
	7 Conclusion
	References
Application of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials in Textile Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Hazards of Textiles Industrial Effluent
	3 Sustainable Biomaterial for Wastewater Treatment
	4 Cellulose-Based Biomaterial
		4.1 Cellulose Structure
		4.2 Microorganism-Derived Cellulose
		4.3 Agricultural Waste-Derived Cellulose
	5 Application of Cellulose-Based Biomaterial in Wastewater Treatment
		5.1 Cellulose-Based Activated Carbon
		5.2 Bio-Nano Cellulose
		5.3 Cellulose-Based Gels
		5.4 Cellulose-Based Catalyst or Photocatalyst
	6 Future Outlook and Conclusions
	References
Cellulose Nanocrystal as a New Promising Candidate in Textile Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Textile Wastewater Treatment Processes
		1.2 Introduction to Cellulose Nanocrystals
		1.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals in Textile Water Treatment
	2 Textile Water Treatment by Adsorption
		2.1 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals
		2.2 Metal Oxide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals
		2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanohybrids
	3 Textile Water Treatment by Photocatalysis
		3.1 CNC/Titanium Dioxide Nanohybrids as Photocatalysts
		3.2 CNC/Zinc Oxide Nanohybrids as Photocatalysts
	4 Textile Water Treatment by Membrane Filtration
		4.1 Textile Water Treatment by Coagulation-Flocculation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Carbon Materials for Dye Removal from Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Pollutants
	3 Dyes and Their Harmful Effects
	4 Methods of Removal of Dyes from Water
	5 Carbon Materials
		5.1 Toxicity of Carbon Materials
	6 Removal of Dyes
		6.1 Removal of Dyes by Activated Carbon (AC)
		6.2 Agricultural Based ACs
		6.3 Carbon Naontubes (CNTs)
		6.4 Modified/Functionalized CNTs
		6.5 Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes
		6.6 Carbon-Nanotube-Based Buckypaper
		6.7 Metal-Doped Porous Carbon Materials
		6.8 Graphene- and Graphene-Oxide-Based Adsorbent Material for Dye Removal
		6.9 Multifunctional 3D Carbon Nanomaterials Superstructures
		6.10 Carbon-Based Nano/Micromotors for Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater
		6.11 Removal of Dyes by C60 Fullerenes
		6.12 Removal of Dyes by Nanodiamond
	7 Conclusions
	References
Polysaccharide-Composites Materials as Adsorbents for Organic Dyes
	1 Introduction
		1.1 State of the Art
		1.2 Properties of Dyes
		1.3 Adsorption
	2 Alginate-Based Composites
	3 Chitosan-Based Composites
	4 Cellulose-Based Composites
	5 Starch and Other Polysaccharide-Based Composites
	6 Future Trends
	References
Application of Agricultural Wastes for Cationic Dyes Removal from Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Dyes
	3 Cationic Dyes
		3.1 Methylene Blue (MB)
		3.2 Malachite Green (MG)
		3.3 Crystal Violet (CV)
		3.4 Brilliant Green (BG)
		3.5 Rhodamine–B (RhB)
	4 Agricultural Waste Used in Adsorption of Cationic Dyes Removal
	5 Leaves
	6 Stem Biomass
		6.1 Flower, Fruit Peel, and Seed Biomass
		6.2 Root Biomass
	7 Factors affecting dye sorption
		7.1 Adsorbent Dosage
		7.2 Effect of pH on Dye Sorption Capacity
		7.3 Contact Time
		7.4 Effect of Temperature and Pressure
		7.5 Effect of Dye Concentration
		7.6 Effect of Pore Volume and Particle Size of Adsorbent
	8 Dye Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling
		8.1 Dye Adsorption Isotherm Models
		8.2 Adsorption Kinetic Models
	9 Conclusion
	References
Application of Aromatic-Based Synthetic Macromolecules in Textile Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthetic Dyes
	3 Aromatic-Based Synthetic Macromolecules
		3.1 Calixarenes
		3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
	4 Removal of the Synthetic Dyes from Aquatic Environmental Samples Using Aromatic-Based Synthetic Macromolecules
		4.1 Removal of the Synthetic Dyes from Aquatic Environmental Samples Using Calixarenes
		4.2 Removal of the Synthetic Dyes from Aquatic Environmental Samples Using Carbon Nanotubes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle from Papermill Sludge
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
		1.2 Papermill Manufacturing Process
		1.3 Waste Generation and Characterization of Paper Mill Industry
		1.4 Extraction and Conversion of Calcium Carbonate from Sludge Ash to Calcium Hydroxide
	2 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle
		2.1 Source and Application
		2.2 Synthesis Methods
	3 Application of HAp in Environmental Remediation
	4 Development of Hydroxyapatite from Paper Mill Sludge
		4.1 Processing of Raw Sludge
		4.2 Conversion of Sludge to Ash and Its Characterization
		4.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite
	5 Conclusion
	References
Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Blue Dye by Cucumber Peel Adsorbent: Isotherm, Kinetics and Mass Transfer Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Preparation of Cucumber Peel (Adsorbent)
		3.2 Preparation of 1000 ppm Reactive Blue Dye Solution (Stock Solution)
		3.3 Effect of pH
		3.4 Effect of Time
		3.5 Effect of Initial Concentration
		3.6 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
		3.7 Effect of Agitation Speed
		3.8 Adsorption Calculations
		3.9 Adsorption Isotherms
		3.10 Adsorption Kinetics
		3.11 Diffusion in Adsorption
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Calibration Curve
		4.2 Effect of pH
		4.3 Effect of Time
		4.4 Effect of Initial Reactive Blue Dye Concentration
		4.5 Effect of Adsorbent Dose
		4.6 Effect of Agitation Speed
		4.7 Adsorption Isotherms
		4.8 Adsorption Kinetics
		4.9 Diffusion in Adsorption
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Dried Fungus in Textile Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Dye Removal Using Fungus
		2.1 Dye in Textile Wastewater
		2.2 Dried Fungus
		2.3 Dried Fungus Preparation
	3 Factors Affecting Dye Removal Using Dried Fungus
	4 Mechanism of Dye Adsorption on Dried Fungus
	5 Kinetics of Dye Adsorption on Dried Fungus
		5.1 Types of Sorption Isotherms
		5.2 Isotherm of Dye Biosorption on Dried Fungus
	6 Application of Dried Fungus in Textile Wastewater
	7 Conclusion
	References
Application of Waste Utilization in Textile Dye Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Agricultural Waste
	3 Waste Utilization
		3.1 Combustion
		3.2 Animal Feed
		3.3 Composting
		3.4 Pyrolysis
		3.5 Bio-remediation
	4 Agricultural Waste for Dye Removal
		4.1 Dyes and Their Toxicity
		4.2 Agricultural Waste for Textile Dye Removal
		4.3 Dye Desorption
		4.4 Mechanism of Elimination
	5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Agro-Waste
	6 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Chitosan-Based Composite Beads for Removal of Anionic Dyes
	Correction to:  Chapter “Chitosan-Based Composite Beads for Removal of Anionic Dyes” in: S. S. Muthu and A. Khadir (eds.), Textile Wastewater Treatment, Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2832-1_3