Textbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Volume 1: Introduction, Examination, Etiologies and Pathogenesis and Differentiation of Syndromes

Editorial Committee
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 General Introduction to TCM
	1.2 Brief History of TCM
		1.2.1 The Beginning of TCM
		1.2.2 Marks of Formation of TCM
		1.2.3 Development of TCM
			1.2.3.1 Period of Wei, Jin, Sui, and Tang Dynasties (220 AD–960 AD)
			1.2.3.2 Period of Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties (960 AD–1368 AD)
			1.2.3.3 Period of Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1911 AD)
			1.2.3.4 Modern Times (After 1912 AD)
	1.3 The Essential Characteristics of TCM Theoretical System
		1.3.1 Concept of Holism
			1.3.1.1 The Human Body Is an Organic Whole
			1.3.1.2 The Unity of Human and Nature
			1.3.1.3 The Unity of Human and Social Environment
		1.3.2 Treatment Determination Based on Syndrome Differentiation
		1.3.3 Other Characteristics of TCM
	1.4 Summary
Chapter 2: Philosophical Bases of TCM
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Unity of Qi
		2.2.1 Basic Concepts of Qi
		2.2.2 Main Contents of the Unity of Qi
			2.2.2.1 Qi Is the Origin of All Things
			2.2.2.2 Qi Is the Material with Unceasing Movements That Produces All Kinds of Changes in the Universe
			2.2.2.3 Qi Is the Medium of the Interaction of All Things in the Universe
		2.2.3 Application of the Unity of Qi in TCM
	2.3 Yin-Yang Theory
		2.3.1 Basic Concept of Yin and Yang
		2.3.2 Basic Contents of Yin-Yang Theory
			2.3.2.1 Opposition and Restriction Between Yin and Yang
			2.3.2.2 Mutual Rooting and Interaction Between Yin and Yang
			2.3.2.3 Waxing and Waning and Equilibrium of Yin and Yang
			2.3.2.4 Mutual Conversion of Yin and Yang
		2.3.3 Application of Yin-Yang Theory in TCM
			2.3.3.1 Explaining Tissues and Structures of Human Body
			2.3.3.2 Explaining Physiological Functions of Human Body
			2.3.3.3 Explaining Pathological Changes of Human Body
			2.3.3.4 Guiding Diagnosis of Diseases
			2.3.3.5 Guiding Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
	2.4 Five-Element Theory
		2.4.1 Basic Concepts of Five Elements
		2.4.2 Basic Contents of Five-Element Theory
			2.4.2.1 Characteristics of Five Elements
			2.4.2.2 Classifications of Things and Phenomena by Five Elements
			2.4.2.3 Relations of Generation, Restriction, Over-restriction, and Counter-Restriction Among Five Elements
		2.4.3 Application of Five-Element Theory in TCM
			2.4.3.1 Explaining Physiological Functions and Mutual Relations Among Zang-Fu Viscera
			2.4.3.2 Explaining Pathological Effects Among Zang-Fu Viscera
			2.4.3.3 Guiding Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases
	2.5 Summary
Chapter 3: Visceral Manifestation
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Viscera Manifestation
		3.2.1 Basic Content of Visceral Manifestation Theory
		3.2.2 The Characteristics of Zang-Fu Viscera According to Visceral Manifestation Theory
		3.2.3 The Different Concepts of Internal Organs Between TCM and Western Medicine
	3.3 Five Zang Viscera
		3.3.1 Heart
			3.3.1.1 Main Physiological Functions of Heart
			3.3.1.2 The Relationship of Heart with Body, Aperture, Emotional Activity, and Fluid
		3.3.2 Lung
			3.3.2.1 Main Physiological Function of Lung
			3.3.2.2 The Relationship of Lung with Body, Aperture, Emotional Activity, and Fluid
		3.3.3 Liver
		3.3.4 Spleen
			3.3.4.1 Main Physiological Function of Spleen
			3.3.4.2 The Relationship of Spleen with Body, Aperture, Emotional Activity, and Fluid
		3.3.5 Kidney
			3.3.5.1 Main Physiological Function of Kidney
			3.3.5.2 The Relationships of Kidney with Body, Aperture, Emotional Activity, and Fluid
	3.4 Six Fu Viscera
		3.4.1 Gallbladder
			3.4.1.1 Storing and Excreting Bile
			3.4.1.2 Dominating Decision
		3.4.2 Stomach
			3.4.2.1 Stomach Dominating Reception
			3.4.2.2 Stomach Dominating Decomposition
		3.4.3 Small Intestine
			3.4.3.1 Dominating Reception and Digestion
			3.4.3.2 Separation of the Refined from Residue
		3.4.4 Large Intestine
			3.4.4.1 Large Intestine Dominating Conveyance
		3.4.5 Bladder
			3.4.5.1 Bladder Is Dominating Fluid Storage
		3.4.6 Triple Energizer
			3.4.6.1 Triple Energizer of Six Fu Viscera
			3.4.6.2 Physiological Function of Triple Energizer According to Its Position
	3.5 Extraordinary Fu Viscera
		3.5.1 Brain
			3.5.1.1 Governing Vital Activities and Vitalities
			3.5.1.2 Governing Sense and Movement
		3.5.2 Marrow
			3.5.2.1 Nourish the Brain and Spinal Cord Through Essence
			3.5.2.2 Transformed into Blood
		3.5.3 Uterus
			3.5.3.1 Produce Menses
			3.5.3.2 Conceive Fetus
	3.6 Mutual Relations Among Zang-Fu Viscera
		3.6.1 Mutual Relations Among Five Zang Viscera
			3.6.1.1 Heart and Lung
			3.6.1.2 Heart and Spleen
			3.6.1.3 Heart and Liver
			3.6.1.4 Heart and Kidney
			3.6.1.5 Lung and Spleen
			3.6.1.6 Lung and Liver
			3.6.1.7 Lung and Kidney
			3.6.1.8 Liver and Spleen
			3.6.1.9 Liver and Kidney
			3.6.1.10 Spleen and Kidney
		3.6.2 Mutual Relations Among Six Fu Viscera
		3.6.3 Relations Among Zang Viscera and Fu Viscera
			3.6.3.1 Heart and Small Intestine
			3.6.3.2 Lung and Large Intestine
			3.6.3.3 Liver and Gallbladder
			3.6.3.4 Spleen and Stomach
			3.6.3.5 Kidney and Bladder
	3.7 Summary
Chapter 4: Qi, Blood, Essence, and Body Fluids
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Qi
		4.2.1 The Concept of Qi
		4.2.2 The Origination of Qi
		4.2.3 The Movement of Qi
			4.2.3.1 Qi Deficiency
			4.2.3.2 Qi Sinking
			4.2.3.3 Qi Stagnant
			4.2.3.4 Qi Rebellious
		4.2.4 The Functions of Qi
			4.2.4.1 Propelling Function
			4.2.4.2 Warming Function
			4.2.4.3 Defending Function
			4.2.4.4 Controlling Function
			4.2.4.5 Nourishing Function
			4.2.4.6 Qi Transforming Function
		4.2.5 The Types of Qi and Their Movements
			4.2.5.1 Primordial Qi
			4.2.5.2 Pectoral Qi
			4.2.5.3 Nutritive Qi
			4.2.5.4 Defensive Qi
	4.3 Blood
		4.3.1 The Concept of Blood and Its Origination
		4.3.2 The Circulation of Blood
		4.3.3 The Functions of Blood
	4.4 Essence
		4.4.1 The Concept of Essence
		4.4.2 The Origination and Types of Essence
		4.4.3 The Functions of Essence
			4.4.3.1 Producing Offspring
			4.4.3.2 Promoting Growth and Development
			4.4.3.3 Moistening and Nourishing the Viscera
			4.4.3.4 Transforming Itself into Marrow and Blood
			4.4.3.5 Producing Qi and Spirit
		4.4.4 Body Fluids
			4.4.4.1 The Concept of Body Fluids
		4.4.5 The Origination, Distribution, and Excretion of Body Fluids
		4.4.6 The Functions of Body Fluids
			4.4.6.1 Moistening and Nourishing
			4.4.6.2 Transporting
			4.4.6.3 Transforming into Blood
	4.5 Interrelationships of Essence, Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids
		4.5.1 Qi and Blood
			4.5.1.1 Qi Generating Blood
			4.5.1.2 Qi as the Driving Force of Blood
			4.5.1.3 Qi Keeping Blood Flowing Within the Vessels
			4.5.1.4 Blood Generating Qi
			4.5.1.5 Blood Carrying Qi
		4.5.2 Qi and Body Fluids
			4.5.2.1 Qi Producing Body Fluids
			4.5.2.2 Qi Promotes the Flow of Body Fluids
			4.5.2.3 Qi Controlling Body Fluid
			4.5.2.4 Body Fluids Carrying Qi
			4.5.2.5 Body Fluid Producing Qi
		4.5.3 Qi and Essence
			4.5.3.1 Essence Generating Qi
			4.5.3.2 Qi Producing Essence
			4.5.3.3 Qi Controlling Essence
		4.5.4 Essence, Blood, and Body Fluids
			4.5.4.1 Relationship Between Essence and Blood
			4.5.4.2 Relationship Between Blood and Body Fluids
	4.6 Summary
Chapter 5: Etiologies and Pathogenesis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Etiology
		5.2.1 Exogenous Factors
			5.2.1.1 Six Excesses
				Wind
				Cold
				Summer Heat
				Dampness
				Dryness
				Fire (Heat)
			5.2.1.2 Pestilent Qi
		5.2.2 Internal Factors
			5.2.2.1 Seven Emotions
			5.2.2.2 Improper Diet
			5.2.2.3 Overstrain and Lack of Exercise
		5.2.3 Pathological Products
			5.2.3.1 Phlegm and Fluid Retention
			5.2.3.2 Static Blood
			5.2.3.3 Calculus
		5.2.4 Other Factors
			5.2.4.1 Traumatic Injury
			5.2.4.2 Drug Pathogens
			5.2.4.3 Wrong Treatment
			5.2.4.4 Congenital Factors
	5.3 Pathogenesis
		5.3.1 Occurrence of Disease
		5.3.2 Predomination and Decline of Pathogenic Qi and Healthy Qi
			5.3.2.1 Deficiency and Excess Syndromes
			5.3.2.2 Further Pathological Statement of Deficiency and Excess
			5.3.2.3 Effect on Prognosis of Disease
		5.3.3 Yin–Yang Disharmony
		5.3.4 Disorders of Body Fluids
			5.3.4.1 Deficiency of Body Fluids
			5.3.4.2 Disorder of Distribution and Excretion of Body Fluids
	5.4 Summary
Chapter 6: The Four Examinations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Inspection
		6.2.1 Inspection of Vitality, Complexion, Figure, and Posture
			6.2.1.1 Inspection of Vitality
			6.2.1.2 Inspection of Complexion
			6.2.1.3 Inspection of Figure
			6.2.1.4 Posture
		6.2.2 Location Inspection
			6.2.2.1 Inspection of Head, Neck, and Five Sensory Organs
			6.2.2.2 Inspection of Idiosoma
			6.2.2.3 Inspection of Limbs
			6.2.2.4 Inspection of Skin
			6.2.2.5 Inspection of External Genitalia and Anus
		6.2.3 Tongue Examination
			6.2.3.1 The Relationship Between Tongue and Zang-Fu Viscera, Meridians, Qi, Blood, and Fluid
			6.2.3.2 Significance of Tongue Examination
			6.2.3.3 Special Attentions on Tongue Examination
			6.2.3.4 The Method of Tongue Examination
			6.2.3.5 Normal Tongue and Its Physiological Variation
			6.2.3.6 Contents of Tongue Examination
		6.2.4 Infant’s Finger Examination
			6.2.4.1 Principle and Significance
			6.2.4.2 Methods and Precautions
			6.2.4.3 Normal Index Finger Collateral
			6.2.4.4 Pathologic Index Finger Collateral
		6.2.5 Inspection of Excreta
			6.2.5.1 Observing Phlegm and Saliva
			6.2.5.2 Observing Vomitus
			6.2.5.3 Observing Stool and Urine
	6.3 Auscultation and Olfaction
		6.3.1 Auscultation
			6.3.1.1 Voices
			6.3.1.2 Speech
			6.3.1.3 Respiration
			6.3.1.4 Cough
			6.3.1.5 Vomiting
			6.3.1.6 Hiccup
			6.3.1.7 Belching
			6.3.1.8 Sigh
			6.3.1.9 Sneeze
			6.3.1.10 Snoring
			6.3.1.11 Rumbling Intestines
			6.3.1.12 Listening to the Child
		6.3.2 Olfaction
			6.3.2.1 Odor of Mouth
			6.3.2.2 Sweat
			6.3.2.3 Phlegm and Nasal Discharge
			6.3.2.4 Vomit
			6.3.2.5 Excreta
			6.3.2.6 Odor of Ward
			6.3.2.7 Odor of Body
	6.4 Inquiring
		6.4.1 The Method of Inquiring
			6.4.1.1 Selecting a Suitable Environment
			6.4.1.2 Asking the Patient Directly
			6.4.1.3 The Questioning Method
			6.4.1.4 The Attitude of the Patient
		6.4.2 The Content of Inquiring
			6.4.2.1 General Data
			6.4.2.2 Chief Complaint
			6.4.2.3 History of Present Disease
			6.4.2.4 Family History and Anamnesis
			6.4.2.5 Inquiring About Personal Life Style
		6.4.3 Present Symptoms
			6.4.3.1 Inquiring About Cold and Heat
			6.4.3.2 Inquiring About Sweating
			6.4.3.3 Inquiring About Pain
			6.4.3.4 Inquiring About Stool and Urine
			6.4.3.5 Inquiring About Diet and Taste in the Mouth
			6.4.3.6 Inquiring About Hearing and Vision
			6.4.3.7 Inquiring About Sleep
			6.4.3.8 Inquiring About Gynecological Matters
			6.4.3.9 Inquiring About Infant
	6.5 Pulse Taking
		6.5.1 Pulse Diagnosis
			6.5.1.1 The Formation of a Pulse Manifestation
			6.5.1.2 Locations for Pulse Diagnosis
			6.5.1.3 Methods for Taking the Pulse
			6.5.1.4 Factors to Take into Account
			6.5.1.5 The Normal Pulse
			6.5.1.6 Morbid Pulse
		6.5.2 Palpation
			6.5.2.1 Significance of Palpation
			6.5.2.2 Method of Palpation
			6.5.2.3 Content of Palpation
	6.6 Summary
Chapter 7: Differentiation of Syndromes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Differentiation of Syndromes by Eight Principles
		7.2.1 Exterior-Interior Syndrome Differentiation
			7.2.1.1 Exterior Syndrome
			7.2.1.2 Interior Syndrome
			7.2.1.3 Half-Exterior and Half-Interior Syndrome
			7.2.1.4 Relationship Between Exterior and Interior Syndromes
		7.2.2 Cold–Heat Syndrome Differentiation
			7.2.2.1 Cold Syndrome
			7.2.2.2 Heat Syndrome
			7.2.2.3 Relationship Between Cold and Heat Syndromes
		7.2.3 Deficiency–Excess Syndrome Differentiation
			7.2.3.1 Deficiency Syndrome
			7.2.3.2 Excess Syndrome
			7.2.3.3 Relationship Between Deficiency and Excess Syndromes
		7.2.4 Yin–Yang Syndrome Differentiation
			7.2.4.1 Yin Syndrome
			7.2.4.2 Yang Syndrome
			7.2.4.3 Relationship Between Yin and Yang Syndromes
	7.3 Differentiating Syndromes According to Zang-Fu Viscera
		7.3.1 Syndromes Differentiation of Heart and Small Intestine
			7.3.1.1 The Syndrome of Heart Qi Deficiency
			7.3.1.2 The Syndrome of Heart-Blood Deficiency
			7.3.1.3 The Syndrome of Heart Yang Deficiency
			7.3.1.4 The Syndrome of Sudden Prostration of Heart Yang
			7.3.1.5 The Syndrome of Heart Yin Deficiency
			7.3.1.6 The Syndrome of Rampancy of Heart Fire
			7.3.1.7 The Syndrome of Mind Confusion by Phlegm
			7.3.1.8 The Syndrome of Phlegm-Fire Disturbing Heart
			7.3.1.9 The Syndrome of Heart Blood Stagnation and Obstruction
			7.3.1.10 The Syndrome of Excess Heat in Small Intestine
		7.3.2 Syndrome Differentiations of Lung and Large Intestine
			7.3.2.1 The Syndrome of Lung Qi Deficiency
			7.3.2.2 The Syndrome of Lung Yin Deficiency
			7.3.2.3 The Syndrome of Dryness Injuring Lung
			7.3.2.4 The Syndrome of Wind-Cold Attacking Lung
			7.3.2.5 The Syndrome of Wind-Heat Invading Lung
			7.3.2.6 The Syndrome of Turbid Phlegm Obstructing Lung
			7.3.2.7 The Syndrome of Phlegm-Heat Accumulating in Lung
			7.3.2.8 The Syndrome of Liquid Insufficiency of Large Intestine
			7.3.2.9 The Syndrome of Large Intestine Qi Deficiency
			7.3.2.10 The Syndrome of Dampness-Heat in Large Intestine
		7.3.3 Syndrome Differentiations of Liver and Gallbladder
			7.3.3.1 The Syndrome of Liver Blood Deficiency
			7.3.3.2 The Syndrome of Liver Yin Deficiency
			7.3.3.3 The Syndrome of Liver Qi Stagnation
			7.3.3.4 The Syndrome of Liver Fire Flaming
			7.3.3.5 The Syndrome of Dampness-Heat in Liver and Gall Bladder
			7.3.3.6 The Syndrome of Cold Stagnating in the Liver Meridian
			7.3.3.7 The Syndrome of Ascendant Hyperactivity of Liver Yang
			7.3.3.8 The Syndrome of Internal Stirring of Liver Wind
			7.3.3.9 The Syndrome of Gall Bladder Stagnation and Phlegm Disturbance
		7.3.4 Syndrome Differentiations of Spleen and Stomach
			7.3.4.1 The Syndrome of Spleen Qi Deficiency
			7.3.4.2 The Syndrome of Spleen Yang Deficiency
			7.3.4.3 The Syndrome of Spleen Qi Sinking
			7.3.4.4 The Syndrome of Spleen Failing to Control Blood
			7.3.4.5 The Syndrome of Cold Dampness Encumbering the Spleen
			7.3.4.6 The Syndrome of Spleen Stomach Dampness-Heat
			7.3.4.7 The Syndrome of Stomach Yin Deficiency
			7.3.4.8 The Syndrome of Cold Retention in Stomach
			7.3.4.9 The Syndrome of Intense Stomach Fire
			7.3.4.10 The Syndrome of Food Retention in Stomach
		7.3.5 Syndrome Differentiations of Kidney and Bladder
			7.3.5.1 The Syndrome of Kidney Yang Deficiency
			7.3.5.2 The Syndrome of Kidney Yin Deficiency
			7.3.5.3 The Syndrome of Kidney Essence Insufficiency
			7.3.5.4 The Syndrome of Kidney Qi Deficiency
			7.3.5.5 The Syndrome of Dampness-Heat in Bladder
		7.3.6 Syndrome Differentiations of Concurrent Syndromes of Zang-Fu Viscera
			7.3.6.1 The Syndrome of Disharmony Between the Heart and Kidney
			7.3.6.2 The Syndrome of Deficiency of Both Heart and Spleen
			7.3.6.3 The Syndrome of Blood Deficiency of Both Heart and Liver
			7.3.6.4 The Syndrome of Yang Deficiency of Both Heart and Kidney
			7.3.6.5 The Syndrome of Qi Deficiency of Both Heart and Lung
			7.3.6.6 The Syndrome of Qi Deficiency of Both Heart and Gallbladder
			7.3.6.7 The Syndrome of Qi Deficiency of Both Spleen and Lung
			7.3.6.8 The Syndrome of Yang Deficiency of Both Spleen and Kidney
			7.3.6.9 The Syndrome of Qi Deficiency of Both Lung and Kidney
			7.3.6.10 The Syndrome of Yin Deficiency of Both Lung and Kidney
			7.3.6.11 The Syndrome of Yin Deficiency of Both Liver and Kidney
			7.3.6.12 The Syndrome of Disharmony Between Liver and Spleen
			7.3.6.13 The Syndrome of Disharmony Between Liver and Stomach
			7.3.6.14 The Syndrome of Liver Fire Invading the Lung
	7.4 Summary
Chapter 8: Health Preservation, Prevention, and Treatment Principles
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Health Preservation
		8.2.1 Follow the Natural Law
		8.2.2 Emotions
		8.2.3 Tonifying Kidney and Protecting Essence
		8.2.4 Building Up the Body
		8.2.5 Diet
			8.2.5.1 Diet Contraindications
			8.2.5.2 Herbal Cuisine
	8.3 Body Constitution
		8.3.1 The Concept of Body Constitution
		8.3.2 Formation of Constitution
			8.3.2.1 Congenital Factors
			8.3.2.2 Acquired Factors
			8.3.2.3 Other Factors
		8.3.3 Classification of Constitution
			8.3.3.1 Classification Methods of Constitution
			8.3.3.2 Common Classification and Characteristics of Constitution
		8.3.4 The Application of Body Constitution Theory
			8.3.4.1 The Influence of Constitution on the Occurrence of Disease
			8.3.4.2 The Effect of Constitution on the Development of Disease
			8.3.4.3 The Guidance of Body Constitution to Treatment upon Syndrome Differentiation
			8.3.4.4 The Guidance of Health Preservation
	8.4 Prevention
		8.4.1 Preventive Treatment
			8.4.1.1 Regulation of Essence and Spirit
			8.4.1.2 Attention to the Prevention of Invasion of Pathogens
		8.4.2 Prevention of Progress of Disease
			8.4.2.1 Early Diagnosis
			8.4.2.2 Treat the Unaffected Area Firstly
			8.4.2.3 Cut Off the Progress Path of Diseases
	8.5 The Principles and Methods of Treatment
		8.5.1 The Principles of Treatment
		8.5.2 Symptom, Root Cause, Non-urgency, and Urgency
			8.5.2.1 Symptomatic Treatment in Acute Condition
			8.5.2.2 Radical Treatment in Chronic Condition
			8.5.2.3 Treating Both Symptom and Root Cause of Disease
		8.5.3 Orthodox Treatment and Retrograde Treatment
			8.5.3.1 Orthodox Treatment
			8.5.3.2 Retrograde Treatment
		8.5.4 Strengthening Healthy Qi and Eliminating Pathogens
			8.5.4.1 Strengthening Healthy Qi
			8.5.4.2 Eliminating Pathogen
			8.5.4.3 Reinforcement After Elimination
			8.5.4.4 Elimination After Reinforcement
			8.5.4.5 Simultaneous Elimination and Reinforcement
		8.5.5 Coordinating Yin and Yang
			8.5.5.1 Impair the Preponderance
			8.5.5.2 Tonifying the Decline of Yin or Yang
		8.5.6 Regulating Essence, Qi, Blood, and Fluids
			8.5.6.1 Regulating Qi and Blood
			8.5.6.2 Regulating Qi and Fluids
			8.5.6.3 Regulating the Relation Between Qi and Essence
			8.5.6.4 Regulating the Relation Between Essence, Blood, and Fluids
		8.5.7 Treatment in Accordance with Three Factors
			8.5.7.1 Treatment in Accordance with Seasons
			8.5.7.2 Treatment in Accordance with Local Condition
			8.5.7.3 Treatment in Accordance with Individuality
	8.6 Treatment Methods
		8.6.1 Diaphoresis
		8.6.2 Emesis
		8.6.3 Harmonization
		8.6.4 Purgation
		8.6.5 The Warming Method
		8.6.6 The Clearing Method
		8.6.7 The Tonifying Method
		8.6.8 The Dispersing Method
	8.7 Summary