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ویرایش: [2 ed.]
نویسندگان: Marc Remacle. Hans Edmund Eckel
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 3031096207, 9783031096204
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2022
تعداد صفحات: 538
[539]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 38 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Textbook of Surgery of Larynx and Trachea به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی حنجره و نای نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
این مجلد جامع تمامی تخصص های فرعی حنجره، از فونوسرجری تا سرطان را پوشش می دهد. هر روش جراحی به صورت گام به گام توضیح داده شده و به خوبی نشان داده شده است. علاوه بر این، پوشش روشهای مختلف جراحی مانند جراحی آندوسکوپی در مقابل جراحی باز و استفاده از ابزار سرد در مقابل لیزر را ارزیابی میکند تا خواننده برای استفاده از این روشهای مکمل راهنمایی دریافت کند.
This comprehensive volume covers all the subspecialities of laryngology, from phonosurgery to cancer. Each surgical procedure is explained and well illustrated in a step-by-step manner. In addition, coverage evaluates different surgical methods such as endoscopic versus open surgery and the use of cold instrument versus laser so that the reader receives guidance for the use of these complimentary methods.
Foreword Preface Contents 1: Physiology of the Larynx 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Larynx and Breathing (Quietly) 1.2.1 Quiet Spontaneous Breathing 1.2.2 Breath Modulation Maneuvers 1.2.3 Breath-Hold Maneuvers 1.2.4 Effect of Capnia Variations on the Glottal Geometry 1.3 Larynx and Cough 1.4 Larynx and Swallowing 1.4.1 Swallowing and Breathing 1.4.2 Laryngeal Closure During Swallowing 1.5 Larynx and Phonation 1.5.1 Expiratory Airstream 1.5.2 Vocal Folds Apposition and Control of Their Physical Properties 1.5.3 Vibratory Capacity of the Vocal Folds 1.5.3.1 Epithelium 1.5.3.2 Lamina Propria 1.5.3.3 Vocal Muscle 1.5.4 Vocal Fold Vibration 1.5.5 Control of the Fundamental Frequency 1.5.6 Control of Vocal Intensity 1.6 Nervous System Control 1.6.1 Peripheral Nervous System 1.6.1.1 Sensitive Innervation Sensitive Receptors in the Larynx The Superior Laryngeal Nerve, the Main Sensory Nerve of the Larynx 1.6.1.2 Motor Innervation The External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve The Inferior Laryngeal Nerve 1.6.1.3 Brain Stem Nuclei The Nodal Ganglion, the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract The Nucleus Ambiguus 1.6.2 Central Nervous Control of the Larynx 1.6.2.1 Cortical Centers 1.6.2.2 Breathing 1.6.2.3 Swallowing Internal Schema 1.6.2.4 Phonation Audio-Phonatory Control (Feedback Control) and Internal Schema (Feedforward Control) References 2: Assessment of Voice and Respiratory Function 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Inspection and Auditory Assessment 2.2.1 GRBAS Scale 2.2.2 IINFVo Perceptual Rating Scale 2.2.3 Voice Handicap Index (VHI) 2.3 Examination and Vocal Fold Imaging 2.3.1 Videolaryngostroboscopy 2.3.2 High-Speed Videokymography (SHVK) 2.4 Respiratory Function Assessment in Clinic 2.4.1 Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) 2.4.2 Pulmonary Function Tests: Spirometry 2.5 Other Types of Vocal and Respiratory Function Tests 2.5.1 Phonetogram or Voice Range Profile (VRP) 2.5.2 Subglottic Air Pressure Measurement 2.6 Adjunct Tests for Vocal Assessments 2.6.1 Electromyography References 3: Anatomy and Microanatomy of the Larynx 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gross Anatomy 3.2.1 Laryngeal Framework 3.2.2 Innervation 3.3 Microanatomy 3.3.1 Epithelium 3.3.2 Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ) 3.3.3 Lamina Propria 3.3.4 Vocal Fold Muscles 3.4 Physiology and Pathophysiology 3.4.1 Body-Cover Theory 3.4.2 Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory 3.4.3 Pathophysiology: Voice Production in a Pathological State 3.5 Selected VF Diseases 3.5.1 Vocal Fold Scars 3.5.2 Reinke’s Edema 3.5.3 Vocal Fold Lesions References 4: Fundamentals of Laryngeal Surgery: Approaches, Instrumentation, and Basic Microlaryngoscopic Techniques 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Basic Techniques for Laryngeal Endoscopy 4.2 Fundamentals of Endolaryngeal Surgery and Equipment 4.3 Laser Systems Used in Laryngeal Endoscopic Surgery 4.4 Robotic Surgery 4.5 Endolaryngeal Versus Extralaryngeal Approach to the Larynx 4.6 Anaesthesia, Perioperative Care, and Adjunctive Medical Therapy 4.7 Office-Based Laryngeal Procedures 4.8 Complications of Endoscopic Laser Surgery 4.9 Tips and Pearls to Avoid Complications References 5: Microphonosurgery Using Cold Steel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 History of Phonomicrosurgery 5.2.1 Development of Laryngoscopy 5.2.2 Evolution of Phonosurgery 5.2.3 Voice Altering Surgery 5.2.4 Instruments and Devices 5.3 Operating Laryngoscopes 5.3.1 Basic Components 5.3.2 Additional Components 5.3.3 Extended Components 5.3.3.1 Laser 5.3.3.2 Distending 5.3.3.3 Distending with Laser 5.3.3.4 Angled Scopes 5.3.3.5 High-Frequency Jet Ventilation 5.4 Operating Microscopes 5.4.1 Setup 5.4.2 Laser 5.5 Rigid Endoscopes 5.5.1 A Brief History 5.5.2 Specification 5.5.3 Setup 5.5.4 Operating with Endoscopes 5.5.5 Exoscopy 5.6 Instruments 5.6.1 Forceps 5.6.2 Scissors/Blades 5.6.3 Blunt Dissectors/Elevators 5.6.4 Biopsy Forceps 5.6.5 Microdebrider 5.6.6 Monopolar Diathermy 5.7 Principles of Phonomicrosurgery 5.8 Setup for Cold Steel Microlaryngoscopy 5.8.1 Choice of Laryngoscope 5.8.2 Position of the Patient 5.8.3 Introducing the Laryngoscope 5.8.4 Position of the Surgeon 5.8.5 The ‘Difficult’ Laryngoscopy 5.9 Surgery for Various Lesions 5.9.1 Excision of Vocal Fold Polyp 5.9.2 Nodules 5.9.3 Vocal Fold Cyst 5.9.4 Papilloma 5.9.5 Scar, Sulcus and Webbing 5.9.6 Granuloma 5.10 Microscopic Injection Techniques 5.10.1 Augmentation Injection 5.10.2 Botulinum Toxin Injection 5.11 Training in Laryngology 5.11.1 Principles of Training 5.11.2 Laryngeal Models 5.11.3 Simulation Platforms 5.12 Optical Enhancement Techniques 5.12.1 Blue Light Imaging 5.12.2 Fluorescence References 6: CO2 Laser Surgery for the Larynx 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basics of Laser Physics 6.3 Laser Flux, Fluence and Irradiance 6.4 Thermal Relaxation and Damage Time 6.5 Continuous Wave vs. Pulsed Wave 6.6 Ultrapulse and Superpulse Modes 6.7 Scanning Technology 6.8 CO2 Laser Effects on Tissue 6.9 Haemostasis 6.10 Histopathological Considerations 6.11 Laser Fibres 6.12 TORS and the CO2 Laser 6.13 Pitfalls and Pearls in CO2 Laryngeal Laser Surgery 6.14 Conclusion References 7: Thyroplasty/Framework Surgery 7.1 The Medialization Thyroplasty (MT) 7.1.1 The Procedure References 8: Surgical Management of Vocal Fold Scars 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Vocal Fold Healing 8.3 Biomechanical Consequences of Vocal Fold Scarring 8.4 Etiopathogenesis of Vocal Fold Scars 8.4.1 Iatrogenic Mechanisms 8.4.2 Congenital Theory of Epidermoid Cysts Evolution 8.4.3 Acquired Theory of Sulcus 8.5 Therapeutic Options 8.5.1 General Principles 8.5.2 Treatment Options to Improve Pliability 8.5.3 Treatment Options in Case of Glottic Leakage References 9: Regenerative Procedures in Laryngology 9.1 What Is Regenerative Medicine? How Can It Be Useful in Laryngology? 9.2 Which Laryngeal Diseases Should Be Addressed? 9.2.1 Vocal Fold Scar 9.2.1.1 Cell Therapy 9.2.1.2 Material-Based Approaches (Scaffolds, Gels, and Polymers) 9.2.1.3 Use of Cytokines and Growth Factors 9.2.1.4 Gene (Modulation) Therapy 9.2.2 Vocal Fold Paresis 9.2.2.1 Cell Therapy 9.2.2.2 Use of Cytokines and Growth Factors 9.2.3 Laryngeal Transplantation/Carcinoma 9.3 Outlook References 10: Voice Feminization and Masculinization 10.1 Voice Feminization and Masculinization 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.1.1 Background 10.1.1.2 The Physics of Transgender Voice Alteration 10.1.2 Voice Therapy 10.1.2.1 Pitch Perception and Gender Recognition 10.1.3 Surgery 10.1.3.1 Preoperative Assessment 10.1.3.2 Voice Questionnaires 10.1.3.3 Informed Consent 10.1.4 Voice Feminization 10.1.4.1 Voice Feminization: The Different Procedures Cricothyroid Approximation (CTA) Procedure Cricothyroid Subluxation Anterior Commissure Advancement Webbing Procedure (Wendler’s Glottoplasty) 10.1.5 Post-treatment Follow-Up 10.1.6 Conclusion 10.1.7 References 10.2 The Rationale for Feminization Laryngoplasty 10.3 Feminization Laryngoplasty: Technique [23] 10.3.1 Preoperative 10.3.2 Surgery 10.3.3 Postoperative 10.3.4 Caveats and Thoughts 10.3.5 Conclusion 10.3.6 Online Media References 10.3.7 References 10.4 Laser-Assisted Voice Adjustment (LAVA) 10.4.1 Reference 10.4.2 Summary: Voice Feminization 10.5 Voice Masculinization 10.5.1 Voice Masculinization 10.5.1.1 Relaxation Thyroplasty 10.5.1.2 Other Procedures 10.5.1.3 Summary: Voice Masculinization 10.5.2 References 11: Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction 11.1 Background 11.1.1 Exercise (E) as Inducer (I) for Laryngeal (L) Obstruction (O) (EILO) 11.1.2 Symptoms 11.1.3 Differential Diagnosis 11.1.4 Evaluation 11.1.5 The Continuous Laryngoscopy Exercise (CLE) Test 11.1.6 CLE Test Evaluation 11.1.7 Epidemiology 11.1.8 Etiology Theories 11.1.8.1 EILO at the Supraglottic Level 11.1.8.2 EILO at the Glottic Level 11.2 Treatments 11.2.1 Surgical Treatment 11.2.2 Detailed Description of the Procedure 11.2.3 Effect of Surgical Treatment 11.3 Important Results 11.4 Definition References 12: Office-Based Procedures 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Possible Interventions in Office-Based Phonosurgery 12.2.1 Biopsy/Excision 12.2.2 Injection 12.2.3 Augmentation 12.2.4 Laser 12.2.5 Arytenoid Mobility Test 12.2.6 EMG 12.2.7 Varia 12.3 Setting 12.3.1 Corona Virus and Protective Measures 12.3.2 Patient Position 12.3.3 One Surgeon or Two Surgeons? 12.3.4 Instrumentation 12.3.5 Combined Methods 12.4 Medication and Anesthesia 12.4.1 Medication 12.4.2 Monitoring 12.4.3 “Verbal” Anesthesia 12.4.4 Intranasal Anesthesia 12.4.5 Intraoral Anesthesia 12.4.6 Anesthesia of the Pharynx and Larynx 12.5 Complications and Failures 12.6 Transoral Surgery 12.6.1 Palpation-Biopsy-Excision 12.6.2 Injection and Augmentation 12.6.3 Laser Surgery 12.7 Transnasal Surgery 12.7.1 Palpation-Biopsy-Excision 12.7.2 Injection and Augmentation Laryngoplasty 12.7.3 Laser Surgery 12.8 Percutaneous Procedures 12.8.1 Injections 12.8.2 Vocal Fold Medialization 12.8.3 Percutaneous Endolaryngeal Laser Surgery 12.8.4 Transnasal Esophagoscopy (TNE) 12.8.5 Transnasal Tracheoscopy (TNT) 12.9 Possible Complications 12.10 Disinfection and Hygiene 12.11 Outlook References 13: Laryngeal Surgery in Children 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Laryngeal Assessment 13.3 Equipment and Theatre Setup 13.4 Paediatric Anaesthetic Considerations 13.5 Disorders of the Larynx in Children and Their Surgical Management 13.5.1 Laryngomalacia 13.5.1.1 Introduction 13.5.1.2 Clinical Features 13.5.1.3 Diagnosis 13.5.1.4 Management 13.5.1.5 Surgery 13.5.2 Vocal Cord Paralysis 13.5.2.1 Introduction 13.5.2.2 Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Surgery 13.5.2.3 Bilateral VCP Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Endoscopic Surgery 13.5.3 Subglottic Stenosis 13.5.3.1 Introduction 13.5.3.2 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 13.5.3.3 Surgery 13.5.3.4 Endoscopic 13.5.3.5 Medical 13.5.3.6 Open Surgery 13.5.4 Subglottic Cysts 13.5.4.1 Introduction 13.5.4.2 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 13.5.4.3 Surgery 13.5.5 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis 13.5.5.1 Introduction 13.5.5.2 Natural History 13.5.5.3 Clinical Features 13.5.5.4 Diagnosis 13.5.5.5 Surgery 13.5.5.6 Adjuvant Therapy 13.5.6 Vocal Cord Nodules 13.5.6.1 Introduction 13.5.6.2 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 13.5.6.3 Management 13.5.6.4 Surgery 13.5.7 Anterior Glottic Web 13.5.7.1 Introduction 13.5.7.2 Clinical Features 13.5.7.3 Diagnosis 13.5.7.4 Management 13.5.7.5 Surgery 13.5.8 Laryngeal Cleft 13.5.8.1 Introduction 13.5.8.2 Clinical Features 13.5.8.3 Diagnosis 13.5.8.4 Medical Management 13.5.8.5 Surgery 13.5.8.6 Endoscopic 13.5.8.7 Open 13.5.9 Subglottic Haemangioma 13.5.9.1 Introduction 13.5.9.2 Clinical Features 13.5.9.3 Diagnosis 13.5.9.4 Management 13.5.9.5 Medical Treatment 13.5.9.6 Surgery 13.5.10 Vallecular Cysts 13.5.10.1 Introduction 13.5.10.2 Clinical Presentation 13.5.10.3 Diagnosis 13.5.10.4 Surgery 13.5.11 Laryngeal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 13.5.11.1 Laryngeal Sarcoidosis Surgery 13.5.11.2 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis of the Larynx Surgery 13.5.11.3 Neurofibromas of the Larynx Surgery References 14: Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Epidemiology 14.3 Human Papillomavirus 14.4 Immune Response 14.5 Etiology 14.6 Clinical Presentation 14.7 Diagnosis 14.8 Clinical Course 14.9 Quality of Life 14.10 Staging 14.11 Disease Severity 14.12 Surgery 14.13 Adjuvant Treatment 14.14 Speech Therapy 14.15 Conclusion References 15: Laryngotracheal Blunt Trauma 15.1 Injury of the Cartilage Framework of the Larynx and Cervical Trachea 15.2 Injury of the Cricoarytenoid Joint 15.3 Laryngeal Soft Tissue Injury 15.4 Emergency Management of Laryngotracheal Blunt Trauma 15.5 Evaluation of Laryngotracheal Injury 15.5.1 Laryngotracheal Trauma Repair 15.6 Postoperative Management 15.7 Tips and Pearls References 16: Glottic Airway Stenosis 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anatomy of the Glottis 16.3 Relevant Embryology 16.4 Physiology of the Glottis 16.5 Clinical Assessment 16.6 Anaesthesia for Glottic Airway Surgery 16.7 Causes of Glottic Stenosis 16.7.1 Congenital Glottic Stenosis 16.7.2 Acquired Causes of Bilateral Impaired Vocal Fold Function 16.7.3 Systemic Causes of Glottic Stenosis 16.7.4 Traumatic Causes of Glottic Stenosis 16.7.5 Infective Causes of Glottic Stenosis 16.7.6 Neoplastic Causes of Glottic Stenosis 16.8 Management of Glottic Stenosis 16.8.1 Laser Techniques 16.8.2 Suture Lateralisation 16.8.3 Selective Reinnervation 16.8.4 Laryngeal Pacing References 17: Subglottic and Tracheal Stenosis 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Anatomy (Fig. 17.1) 17.3 Etiologies 17.3.1 Children 17.3.1.1 Subglottis Congenital SGS (Fig. 17.2) Glottic Webs and Atresia (Fig. 17.3) Acquired Glotto-SGS (Fig. 17.4) 17.3.1.2 Trachea 17.3.2 Adults 17.3.2.1 Subglottis 17.3.2.2 Trachea 17.4 Preoperative Evaluation 17.4.1 Grading Systems 17.4.1.1 SGS 17.4.2 Basic Assessment 17.4.2.1 History 17.4.2.2 Assessment of General Condition and Preoperative Preparation 17.4.2.3 Radiological Evaluation 17.4.3 Endoscopic Workup 17.4.3.1 Awake Trans-nasal Flexible Laryngoscopy (TNFL) 17.4.3.2 Asleep TNFL (Fig. 17.12) 17.4.3.3 Direct Laryngotracheoscopy with a Bare 0° Rod-Lens Telescope 17.4.3.4 Broncho-Esophagoscopy 17.4.4 Multidisciplinary Teams 17.5 Treatment Options and Techniques 17.5.1 Primary Endoscopic 17.5.2 Open Airway Surgery: General Intraoperative Considerations (See Fig. 17.16) 17.5.3 Laryngotracheal Reconstruction (LTR) with Cartilage Expansion 17.5.3.1 Procedure (Figs. 17.17 and 17.18) 17.5.4 Partial Cricotracheal Resection (PCTR) 17.5.4.1 Procedure (Fig. 17.20) 17.5.5 EPCTR for SGS Combined with Glottic Pathology (Figs. 17.21 and 17.22) 17.5.6 Tracheal Resection with End-to-End Anastomosis 17.5.6.1 Procedure 17.5.7 Slide Tracheoplasty 17.5.7.1 Procedure (Fig. 17.23) 17.5.8 Tension-Releasing Maneuvers in Extensive Airway Resection 17.5.9 Tracheostomy 17.5.9.1 Recommended Sites of Performing the Tracheostomy (Fig. 17.24) 17.6 Postoperative Care and Follow-Up in Open Airway Surgery 17.7 Results 17.7.1 Pediatric LTR and PCTR and Slide Tracheoplasty 17.7.1.1 LTR 17.7.1.2 PCTR and TR 17.7.2 Adult PCTR, LT, and TR 17.7.2.1 PCTR 17.7.2.2 LTR 17.7.2.3 TR 17.8 LTS and COVID-19 Pandemic (Fig. 17.25) 17.9 Tips and Pearls to Avoid Complications 17.10 Future Developments References 18: Tracheotomy 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Indications for Tracheotomy 18.3 Decision Making for Open Neck Tracheotomy Versus Percutaneous Tracheotomy 18.4 Tracheotomy Techniques 18.4.1 Conventional or Open Neck Tracheotomy 18.4.2 Percutaneous Dilatation Tracheotomy 18.4.3 Tracheotomy in the Pediatric Age Group 18.4.4 Bedside Open Tracheotomy 18.4.5 Emergency Tracheotomy 18.4.5.1 Open Tracheotomy 18.4.5.2 Cricothyroidotomy 18.4.6 Mediastinal Tracheostomy (MT) 18.4.6.1 The Procedure 18.4.6.2 Technical Comments 18.5 Complications of Tracheotomy 18.6 Pearls and Tips 18.6.1 Pearls 18.6.2 Practical Tips References 19: Neurolaryngology 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Electromyography 19.2.1 Definition 19.2.2 Technique 19.2.3 Other Techniques 19.2.4 New Techniques and Tools 19.2.5 Electrostimulation to Select Cases for Laryngeal Pacing 19.3 Clinical Significance 19.3.1 Diagnosis 19.3.2 Prognosis 19.3.3 LEMG-Guided Injections 19.3.4 Laryngeal Pacing 19.4 Neurolaryngological Disorders 19.4.1 Vocal Cord Paralysis of the Lower Motor Neuron Type: Recurrent and Vagal Nerve Lesions 19.4.2 Vocal Cord Paralysis of the Upper Motor Neuron Type 19.4.3 Laryngeal Dystonia: Adductor and Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia 19.4.4 Stroke 19.4.5 Essential Voice Tremor 19.4.6 Parkinson’s Disease 19.4.7 Other Central Nervous System Diseases 19.5 Botulinum Toxin Treatment in the Larynx References 20: Spasmodic Dysphonia 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Treatment Options for AdSD 20.2.1 Nonsurgical Treatment 20.2.1.1 Botulinum Toxin: The Current Gold Standard of Therapy 20.2.1.2 Oral Medication 20.2.1.3 Voice Therapy 20.2.2 Surgical Treatment 20.2.2.1 Selective Laryngeal Adductor Denervation–Reinnervation (SLAD-R) 20.2.2.2 Thyroplasty Type II (TP II) 20.2.2.3 Endoscopic Laser Thyroarytenoid Myoneurectomy (TA Myoneurectomy) 20.2.2.4 Anecdotal/Experimental Therapies 20.3 AbSD Treatment 20.4 Concluding Remarks 20.5 Recommendations for the Future References 21: Nerve Reconstruction 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Anatomical Landmarks and Prerequisites 21.3 Nonselective Reinnervation (in Unilateral Nerve Lesion) 21.3.1 Acute Lesion of the Laryngeal Nerves 21.3.2 Reinnervation of Chronic Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis 21.3.2.1 Inferior Laryngeal Nerve Lesion (Recurrent Nerve Paralysis) General Indications Surgical Technique (Including Specific Recommendations) The Ansa Cervicalis to RLN Anastomosis (“Ansa Technique”) Fig. 21.1 Technical Variations The Nerve-Muscle Pedicle Implantation of HM Tucker Combinations 21.3.2.2 Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesions External Branch (or Cricoid Branch) of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesions Internal Branch of the SLN Lesions 21.3.2.3 Vagus Nerve Lesion 21.4 Selective Motor Reinnervation (in Bilateral Nerve Lesion) 21.4.1 Surgical Techniques 21.4.1.1 Nerve-Muscle Pedicle with the Ansa Hypoglossi Technique Results 21.4.1.2 Selective Reinnervation Using the Phrenic Nerve Technique (Fig. 21.3a) Nerve Identification Results 21.5 Other Techniques or Indication of Nerve Reconstruction 21.5.1 Laryngeal Denervation-Reinnervation in Laryngeal Dystonia 21.5.2 Laryngeal Pacing and Combination 21.6 The Future of Nerve Reconstruction 21.7 Conclusion References 22: Preoperative Assessment of Laryngeal Cancer 22.1 Epidemiology of Laryngeal Cancer 22.2 Staging 22.3 Imaging References 23: HPV and Laryngeal Cancer 23.1 p16 Immunohistochemistry as Surrogate Marker 23.2 HPV Prevalence and Prognostic Value 23.3 Serologic Testing References Untitled 24: Transoral Approach for Early Laryngeal Cancers 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Preoperative Diagnostic Procedures 24.3 Surgical Technique 24.3.1 Classification of Procedures for Glottic Carcinoma 24.3.1.1 Subepithelial Cordectomy (Type I) 24.3.1.2 Subligamental Cordectomy (Type II) 24.3.1.3 Transmuscular Cordectomy (Type III) 24.3.1.4 Total or Complete Cordectomy (Type IV) 24.3.1.5 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Contralateral Vocal Fold (Type Va) 24.3.1.6 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Arytenoid (Type Vb) 24.3.1.7 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Ventricular Fold (Type Vc) 24.3.1.8 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Subglottis (Type Vd) 24.3.1.9 Extended Cordectomy for Cancers Arising from the Anterior Commissure (Type VI) 24.3.2 Classification of Procedures for Supraglottic Carcinoma 24.3.2.1 Limited Excision (Type I) 24.3.2.2 Medial Supraglottic Laryngectomy with Partial Resection of the Preepiglottic Space (Type II) 24.3.2.3 Medial Supraglottic Laryngectomy with Resection of the Preepiglottic Space (Type III) 24.3.2.4 Lateral Supraglottic Laryngectomy (Type IV) 24.4 Recurrence: Follow-Up, Diagnosis, and Management 24.5 Oncological Outcomes 24.5.1 Glottic Cancer 24.5.2 Supraglottic Cancer 24.5.3 Transoral Laser Microsurgery Excision Margins 24.5.4 Anterior Commissure Involvement and Vocal Fold Mobility Impairment 24.6 Functional Outcomes 24.7 Conclusions References 25: Transoral Approach for Extended Cancers (T3–T4a) 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Indications 25.3 Exposure and Resection 25.4 Surgical Margins 25.5 Oncologic Outcomes 25.6 Complications 25.7 Functional Outcomes References 26: Open Neck Approaches: Partial and Reconstructive Laryngectomies 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The Preoperative Workup 26.2.1 Direct Pharyngolaryngoscopy 26.2.2 Imaging 26.3 Partial Surgery for Laryngeal Cancer 26.3.1 Cordectomy 26.3.1.1 Core Messages 26.3.1.2 Indications 26.3.1.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.1.4 Results 26.3.1.5 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.2 Frontolateral Vertical Laryngectomy 26.3.2.1 Core Message 26.3.2.2 Indications 26.3.2.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.2.4 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique 26.3.2.5 Results 26.3.2.6 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.3 Frontal Anterior Laryngectomy with Epiglottoplasty 26.3.3.1 Core Message 26.3.3.2 Indications 26.3.3.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.3.4 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique 26.3.3.5 Recommendations for Follow-up 26.3.3.6 Results 26.3.3.7 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.4 Open Partial Horizontal Laryngectomies (OPHLs) 26.3.4.1 Supraglottic Laryngectomy 26.3.4.2 Supracricoid Laryngectomy with CHEP 26.3.4.3 Supracricoid Laryngectomy with CHP 26.3.4.4 Supratracheal Partial Laryngectomy with Tracheo 26.3.4.5 Specific Recommendations 26.3.4.6 Results 26.3.4.7 Recommendations for Follow-Up 26.3.4.8 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.5 Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP): OPHL Type IIa 26.3.5.1 Core Message 26.3.5.2 Indications 26.3.5.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.5.4 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique 26.3.5.5 Recommendations for Follow-up 26.3.5.6 Results 26.3.5.7 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.6 Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidopexy (CHP): OPHL Type IIb 26.3.6.1 Core Message 26.3.6.2 Indication 26.3.6.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.6.4 Specific Recommendations 26.3.6.5 Results 26.3.6.6 Recommendations for Follow-Up 26.3.6.7 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.3.7 Supratracheal Partial Laryngectomy with Tracheohyoidoepiglottopexy (THEP) and Tracheohyoidopexy (THP): OPHL Type III 26.3.7.1 Core Message 26.3.7.2 Indication 26.3.7.3 Surgical Technique 26.3.7.4 Specific Recommendations 26.3.7.5 Results 26.3.7.6 Recommendations for Follow-Up 26.3.7.7 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.4 Partial Surgery for Hypopharyngeal Cancer 26.4.1 Posterior Partial Pharyngectomy 26.4.1.1 Core Messages 26.4.1.2 Indications 26.4.1.3 Specific Assessment 26.4.1.4 Surgical Technique 26.4.2 Partial Lateral Pharyngectomy (Trotter) 26.4.3 Supracricoid Hemipharyngolaryngectomy 26.4.3.1 Core Messages 26.4.3.2 Indications 26.4.3.3 Surgical Technique 26.4.3.4 Recommendations for Follow-up 26.4.3.5 Results 26.4.3.6 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications 26.4.4 Supraglottic Hemipharyngolaryngectomy 26.4.4.1 Core Message 26.4.4.2 Indications 26.4.4.3 Surgical Technique 26.4.4.4 Recommendations for Follow-up 26.4.4.5 Results 26.4.4.6 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications References Total Laryngectomy 27.1 Selected Details of Larynx Anatomy 27.1.1 Lymphatic Network 27.1.1.1 Glottis 27.1.1.2 Supraglottis 27.1.1.3 Subglottis 27.1.2 Vessels Supply 27.1.3 Nerves Supply 27.1.4 Surrounding Structures Important for Surgical Anatomy 27.1.5 Directions of Extralaryngeal Spread 27.1.5.1 Supraglottis 27.1.5.2 Glottis 27.1.5.3 Subglottis 27.1.6 Pattern of Metastasis 27.2 General Principles of Surgical and Combined Treatment in the Advanced Stages of Disease 27.3 Total Laryngectomy 27.3.1 History 27.3.2 Indications and Contraindications 27.3.2.1 Common Indications 27.3.2.2 Rare Indications 27.3.2.3 Contraindications 27.3.2.4 Nonresectable Disease 27.3.3 Technique 27.3.4 Salvage Total Laryngectomy after Conservation Laryngeal Surgery (TOLM, Open Partial Laryngectomy OPL) 27.3.5 Salvage Total Laryngectomy after RT or RT/CT Failure 27.3.6 The Indications to Plan a Reconstruction After TL Can Be Divided into 27.3.6.1 The Flap Techniques Used in Closure of the Defect 27.3.6.2 Other Surgical Tips 27.3.7 Cost-Effectiveness 27.3.8 The Transoral Endoscopic Ultrasonic Total Laryngectomy (TOUSS-TL) 27.3.9 Transoral Robotic Total Laryngectomy (TORS) 27.3.10 Postoperative Complications 27.4 Swallowing Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy 27.5 Speech Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy 27.6 General Care After Total Laryngectomy 27.7 Prognosis 27.8 Neck Dissection 27.9 Treatment Failures 27.10 Health-Related Quality of Life Following Total Laryngectomy 27.11 Long-Term Follow-Up 27.12 Summary References 28: Principles of Salvage Laryngeal Surgery 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Evaluation of Recurrence 28.3 Patient Selection 28.4 Setting 28.5 Perioperative Optimization and Planning 28.5.1 The Use of Antibiotics 28.6 Surgical Management 28.6.1 Surgical Principles 28.6.2 Neck Management 28.6.3 The Use of Flaps 28.6.4 Management of the Thyroid Gland 28.6.5 The Use of Salivary Bypass Tubes 28.6.6 Voice Rehabilitation 28.7 Complications 28.8 Postoperative Management 28.8.1 Postoperative Care 28.8.2 Swallowing 28.9 Conclusions References 29: Management of Tracheal Tumors 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Epidemiology 29.3 Etiology 29.4 Anatomy 29.5 Histopathological Tumor Types 29.6 Clinical Presentation 29.7 Evaluation and Diagnosis 29.8 Setting 29.9 Management 29.10 Surgery 29.11 Transoral and Endotracheal Debridement 29.12 Endotracheal Stenting 29.13 Radiotherapy 29.14 Chemotherapy 29.15 Immunotherapy 29.16 Conclusion References 30: Reconstruction of the Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Defects 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Classification of Laryngopharyngeal Defects 30.3 Type I Laryngeal Defect (Vertical Hemilaryngectomy) 30.4 Type II Laryngeal Defect (Simple Total Laryngectomy) 30.5 Type Ia Hypopharyngeal Defect (Defect in the Hypopharyngeal Posterior Wall) 30.6 Type Ib Hypopharyngeal Defect (Defect in the Hypopharyngeal Lateral Wall) 30.7 Type II Hypopharyngeal Defects (Total Laryngectomy with Partial Pharyngectomy) 30.7.1 Regional Flaps 30.7.1.1 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap 30.7.1.2 Supraclavicular Flap 30.7.2 Free Flaps 30.7.2.1 Radial Forearm Free Flap 30.7.2.2 Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap 30.8 Type III Hypopharyngeal Defect (Total Laryngectomy with Total Pharyngectomy) 30.8.1 Regional Flaps 30.8.1.1 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap 30.8.2 Free Flaps 30.8.2.1 Radial Forearm Free Flap 30.8.2.2 Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap 30.8.2.3 Jejunal Free Flap 30.8.2.4 Gastro-Omental Free Flap 30.9 Type IV Hypopharyngeal Defect (Laryngo-Pharyngo-Esophagectomy) 30.10 Salivary Bypass Tubes References 31: Surgery of Larynx and Trachea: Voice Restoration and Total Laryngectomy 31.1 Historical Development of Voice Restoration 31.2 Technical and Physiological Aspects of Voice Restoration with Voice Prostheses 31.3 Surgical Procedures Required for Successful Utilization of a Voice Prosthesis 31.4 Management of Voice Prostheses and Their Complications 31.5 Changing a Voice Prosthesis 31.6 Speaking Problems with a Voice Prosthesis 31.7 Gastroesophageal Reflux 31.8 HMEs and Tracheostomy Valves 31.9 Alternatives to Voice Prostheses References 32: Da Vinci Robotic Surgery for Laryngeal Cancers 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System 32.3 TORS Versus Microsuspension Laryngoscopy 32.4 Single Port “SP” da Vinci System 32.5 Clinical Applications 32.6 TORS Supraglottic Laryngectomy 32.7 TORS Glottic Cordectomy 32.8 TORS Hypopharyngectomy 32.9 TORS Total Laryngectomy 32.10 Conclusions References 33: Robotic Surgery: FLEX System 33.1 Retractors 33.2 Instruments 33.3 Applications I: Benign Lesions 33.4 Applications II: Malignant Tumors 33.5 Conclusion and Outlook References 34: Surgery for Swallowing Disorders 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Evaluation of Dysphagia 34.3 Management of Dysphagia 34.3.1 Aspiration 34.3.2 Cricopharyngeus Muscle Dysfunction (CPMD) 34.3.3 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 34.3.4 Obstructive Esophageal Pathology 34.3.5 Diverticular Diseases 34.3.6 Motility Disorders 34.4 Multiple Choice Questions References 35: Preoperative and Postoperative Speech Therapy 35.1 Place of the Speech Language Therapist in the care pathway 35.1.1 Voice and Swallowing Assessment as a Starting Point for Patient’s Management 35.1.1.1 Voice and Speech Assessment Interviewing the Patient, Self-Evaluation Questionnaires/Scales Quantitative Subjective Perceptual Assessment Acoustic Parameters for Objective Measures Laryngeal Imaging: Examining Laryngeal Anatomy and Function 35.1.1.2 Swallowing Assessment Interview and Self-Evaluation Questionnaires and Scales Swallowing Imaging: Examining Pharyngo-Laryngeal Anatomy and Function 35.1.2 General Goals of the SLT 35.1.2.1 Indirect Therapy, Holistic and Behavioral 35.1.2.2 Direct Therapy, Organic and Functional 35.1.2.3 Global Management 35.1.2.4 SLT’s Role According to the Specificities of the Pathologies 35.2 Benign Pathologies of the Larynx with Surgery Limited to the Glottis 35.2.1 Exudative Lesions of Reinke’s Space, Phonotraumatic Vocal Hyperfunction 35.2.2 Cyst, Sulcus, Scar 35.2.3 Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility 35.3 Laryngeal Cancer and General Principles for SLTs 35.3.1 Collaboration for a Better Quality of Life 35.3.2 Cancer Disease and Life Plans 35.3.3 Caregiver Involvement 35.3.4 Associated Treatments 35.4 Voice, Speech, and Swallowing Assessment in the Context of Laryngeal Cancer 35.4.1 Voice and Speech Assessment and Management 35.4.1.1 Perceptual and Self-Evaluation of Voice 35.4.1.2 Acoustic Evaluation 35.4.1.3 Laryngeal Imaging 35.4.1.4 The SLT’s Treatment Plan Direct Therapy Indirect Therapy 35.4.2 Swallowing Assessment and Management 35.4.2.1 The Organic and Functional Assessment 35.4.2.2 The SLT’s Treatment Plan Direct Therapy Indirect Therapy 35.5 SLT Specific Management for Endoscopic or External Laryngeal Surgery 35.5.1 Transoral Surgery 35.5.1.1 Glottic Carcinoma SLT Goals Timing Vocal Results 35.5.1.2 Supraglottic Carcinoma Voice Rehabilitation Swallowing Rehabilitation 35.5.2 External Surgery 35.5.2.1 Glottic Carcinoma Vertical Partial Laryngectomy SLT’s Goal Vocal Results Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) SLT’s Goal Vocal Results Swallowing Results 35.5.2.2 Supraglottic Carcinoma Supraglottic Laryngectomy SLT’s Goal Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidopexy (CHP) SLT’s Goal 35.6 Conclusions References