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دانلود کتاب Textbook of Surgery of Larynx and Trachea

دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی حنجره و نای

Textbook of Surgery of Larynx and Trachea

مشخصات کتاب

Textbook of Surgery of Larynx and Trachea

ویرایش: [2 ed.] 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 3031096207, 9783031096204 
ناشر: Springer 
سال نشر: 2022 
تعداد صفحات: 538
[539] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 38 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 48,000



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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتاب درسی جراحی حنجره و نای



این مجلد جامع تمامی تخصص های فرعی حنجره، از فونوسرجری تا سرطان را پوشش می دهد. هر روش جراحی به صورت گام به گام توضیح داده شده و به خوبی نشان داده شده است. علاوه بر این، پوشش روش‌های مختلف جراحی مانند جراحی آندوسکوپی در مقابل جراحی باز و استفاده از ابزار سرد در مقابل لیزر را ارزیابی می‌کند تا خواننده برای استفاده از این روش‌های مکمل راهنمایی دریافت کند.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

This comprehensive volume covers all the subspecialities of laryngology, from phonosurgery to cancer. Each surgical procedure is explained and well illustrated in a step-by-step manner. In addition, coverage evaluates different surgical methods such as endoscopic versus open surgery and the use of cold instrument versus laser so that the reader receives guidance for the use of these complimentary methods.



فهرست مطالب

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Physiology of the Larynx
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Larynx and Breathing (Quietly)
		1.2.1	 Quiet Spontaneous Breathing
		1.2.2	 Breath Modulation Maneuvers
		1.2.3	 Breath-Hold Maneuvers
		1.2.4	 Effect of Capnia Variations on the Glottal Geometry
	1.3	 Larynx and Cough
	1.4	 Larynx and Swallowing
		1.4.1	 Swallowing and Breathing
		1.4.2	 Laryngeal Closure During Swallowing
	1.5	 Larynx and Phonation
		1.5.1	 Expiratory Airstream
		1.5.2	 Vocal Folds Apposition and Control of Their Physical Properties
		1.5.3	 Vibratory Capacity of the Vocal Folds
			1.5.3.1	 Epithelium
			1.5.3.2	 Lamina Propria
			1.5.3.3	 Vocal Muscle
		1.5.4	 Vocal Fold Vibration
		1.5.5	 Control of the Fundamental Frequency
		1.5.6	 Control of Vocal Intensity
	1.6	 Nervous System Control
		1.6.1	 Peripheral Nervous System
			1.6.1.1	 Sensitive Innervation
				Sensitive Receptors in the Larynx
				The Superior Laryngeal Nerve, the Main Sensory Nerve of the Larynx
			1.6.1.2	 Motor Innervation
				The External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve
				The Inferior Laryngeal Nerve
			1.6.1.3	 Brain Stem Nuclei
				The Nodal Ganglion, the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
				The Nucleus Ambiguus
		1.6.2	 Central Nervous Control of the Larynx
			1.6.2.1	 Cortical Centers
			1.6.2.2	 Breathing
			1.6.2.3	 Swallowing
				Internal Schema
			1.6.2.4	 Phonation
				Audio-Phonatory Control (Feedback Control) and Internal Schema (Feedforward Control)
	References
2: Assessment of Voice and Respiratory Function
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Inspection and Auditory Assessment
		2.2.1	 GRBAS Scale
		2.2.2	 IINFVo Perceptual Rating Scale
		2.2.3	 Voice Handicap Index (VHI)
	2.3	 Examination and Vocal Fold Imaging
		2.3.1	 Videolaryngostroboscopy
		2.3.2	 High-Speed Videokymography (SHVK)
	2.4	 Respiratory Function Assessment in Clinic
		2.4.1	 Maximum Phonation Time (MPT)
		2.4.2	 Pulmonary Function Tests: Spirometry
	2.5	 Other Types of Vocal and Respiratory Function Tests
		2.5.1	 Phonetogram or Voice Range Profile (VRP)
		2.5.2	 Subglottic Air Pressure Measurement
	2.6	 Adjunct Tests for Vocal Assessments
		2.6.1	 Electromyography
	References
3: Anatomy and Microanatomy of the Larynx
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Gross Anatomy
		3.2.1	 Laryngeal Framework
		3.2.2	 Innervation
	3.3	 Microanatomy
		3.3.1	 Epithelium
		3.3.2	 Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ)
		3.3.3	 Lamina Propria
		3.3.4	 Vocal Fold Muscles
	3.4	 Physiology and Pathophysiology
		3.4.1	 Body-Cover Theory
		3.4.2	 Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
		3.4.3	 Pathophysiology: Voice Production in a Pathological State
	3.5	 Selected VF Diseases
		3.5.1	 Vocal Fold Scars
		3.5.2	 Reinke’s Edema
		3.5.3	 Vocal Fold Lesions
	References
4: Fundamentals of Laryngeal Surgery: Approaches, Instrumentation, and Basic Microlaryngoscopic Techniques
	4.1	 Introduction
		4.1.1	 Basic Techniques for Laryngeal Endoscopy
	4.2	 Fundamentals of Endolaryngeal Surgery and Equipment
	4.3	 Laser Systems Used in Laryngeal Endoscopic Surgery
	4.4	 Robotic Surgery
	4.5	 Endolaryngeal Versus Extralaryngeal Approach to the Larynx
	4.6	 Anaesthesia, Perioperative Care, and Adjunctive Medical Therapy
	4.7	 Office-Based Laryngeal Procedures
	4.8	 Complications of Endoscopic Laser Surgery
	4.9	 Tips and Pearls to Avoid Complications
	References
5: Microphonosurgery Using Cold Steel
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 History of Phonomicrosurgery
		5.2.1	 Development of Laryngoscopy
		5.2.2	 Evolution of Phonosurgery
		5.2.3	 Voice Altering Surgery
		5.2.4	 Instruments and Devices
	5.3	 Operating Laryngoscopes
		5.3.1	 Basic Components
		5.3.2	 Additional Components
		5.3.3	 Extended Components
			5.3.3.1	 Laser
			5.3.3.2	 Distending
			5.3.3.3	 Distending with Laser
			5.3.3.4	 Angled Scopes
			5.3.3.5	 High-Frequency Jet Ventilation
	5.4	 Operating Microscopes
		5.4.1	 Setup
		5.4.2	 Laser
	5.5	 Rigid Endoscopes
		5.5.1	 A Brief History
		5.5.2	 Specification
		5.5.3	 Setup
		5.5.4	 Operating with Endoscopes
		5.5.5	 Exoscopy
	5.6	 Instruments
		5.6.1	 Forceps
		5.6.2	 Scissors/Blades
		5.6.3	 Blunt Dissectors/Elevators
		5.6.4	 Biopsy Forceps
		5.6.5	 Microdebrider
		5.6.6	 Monopolar Diathermy
	5.7	 Principles of Phonomicrosurgery
	5.8	 Setup for Cold Steel Microlaryngoscopy
		5.8.1	 Choice of Laryngoscope
		5.8.2	 Position of the Patient
		5.8.3	 Introducing the Laryngoscope
		5.8.4	 Position of the Surgeon
		5.8.5	 The ‘Difficult’ Laryngoscopy
	5.9	 Surgery for Various Lesions
		5.9.1	 Excision of Vocal Fold Polyp
		5.9.2	 Nodules
		5.9.3	 Vocal Fold Cyst
		5.9.4	 Papilloma
		5.9.5	 Scar, Sulcus and Webbing
		5.9.6	 Granuloma
	5.10	 Microscopic Injection Techniques
		5.10.1	 Augmentation Injection
		5.10.2	 Botulinum Toxin Injection
	5.11	 Training in Laryngology
		5.11.1	 Principles of Training
		5.11.2	 Laryngeal Models
		5.11.3	 Simulation Platforms
	5.12	 Optical Enhancement Techniques
		5.12.1	 Blue Light Imaging
		5.12.2	 Fluorescence
	References
6: CO2 Laser Surgery for the Larynx
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Basics of Laser Physics
	6.3	 Laser Flux, Fluence and Irradiance
	6.4	 Thermal Relaxation and Damage Time
	6.5	 Continuous Wave vs. Pulsed Wave
	6.6	 Ultrapulse and Superpulse Modes
	6.7	 Scanning Technology
	6.8	 CO2 Laser Effects on Tissue
	6.9	 Haemostasis
	6.10	 Histopathological Considerations
	6.11	 Laser Fibres
	6.12	 TORS and the CO2 Laser
	6.13	 Pitfalls and Pearls in CO2 Laryngeal Laser Surgery
	6.14	 Conclusion
	References
7: Thyroplasty/Framework Surgery
	7.1	 The Medialization Thyroplasty (MT)
		7.1.1	 The Procedure
	References
8: Surgical Management of Vocal Fold Scars
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Vocal Fold Healing
	8.3	 Biomechanical Consequences of Vocal Fold Scarring
	8.4	 Etiopathogenesis of Vocal Fold Scars
		8.4.1	 Iatrogenic Mechanisms
		8.4.2	 Congenital Theory of Epidermoid Cysts Evolution
		8.4.3	 Acquired Theory of Sulcus
	8.5	 Therapeutic Options
		8.5.1	 General Principles
		8.5.2	 Treatment Options to Improve Pliability
		8.5.3	 Treatment Options in Case of Glottic Leakage
	References
9: Regenerative Procedures in Laryngology
	9.1	 What Is Regenerative Medicine? How Can It Be Useful in Laryngology?
	9.2	 Which Laryngeal Diseases Should Be Addressed?
		9.2.1	 Vocal Fold Scar
			9.2.1.1	 Cell Therapy
			9.2.1.2	 Material-Based Approaches (Scaffolds, Gels, and Polymers)
			9.2.1.3	 Use of Cytokines and Growth Factors
			9.2.1.4	 Gene (Modulation) Therapy
		9.2.2	 Vocal Fold Paresis
			9.2.2.1	 Cell Therapy
			9.2.2.2	 Use of Cytokines and Growth Factors
		9.2.3	 Laryngeal Transplantation/Carcinoma
	9.3	 Outlook
	References
10: Voice Feminization and Masculinization
	10.1	 Voice Feminization and Masculinization
		10.1.1	 Introduction
			10.1.1.1	 Background
			10.1.1.2	 The Physics of Transgender Voice Alteration
		10.1.2	 Voice Therapy
			10.1.2.1	 Pitch Perception and Gender Recognition
		10.1.3	 Surgery
			10.1.3.1	 Preoperative Assessment
			10.1.3.2	 Voice Questionnaires
			10.1.3.3	 Informed Consent
		10.1.4	 Voice Feminization
			10.1.4.1	 Voice Feminization: The Different Procedures
				Cricothyroid Approximation (CTA)
					Procedure
				Cricothyroid Subluxation
				Anterior Commissure Advancement
				Webbing Procedure (Wendler’s Glottoplasty)
		10.1.5	 Post-treatment Follow-Up
		10.1.6	 Conclusion
		10.1.7	 References
	10.2	 The Rationale for Feminization Laryngoplasty
	10.3	 Feminization Laryngoplasty: Technique [23]
		10.3.1	 Preoperative
		10.3.2	 Surgery
		10.3.3	 Postoperative
		10.3.4	 Caveats and Thoughts
		10.3.5	 Conclusion
		10.3.6	 Online Media References
		10.3.7	 References
	10.4	 Laser-Assisted Voice Adjustment (LAVA)
		10.4.1	 Reference
		10.4.2	 Summary: Voice Feminization
	10.5	 Voice Masculinization
		10.5.1	 Voice Masculinization
			10.5.1.1	 Relaxation Thyroplasty
			10.5.1.2	 Other Procedures
			10.5.1.3	 Summary: Voice Masculinization
		10.5.2	 References
11: Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction
	11.1	 Background
		11.1.1	 Exercise (E) as Inducer (I) for Laryngeal (L) Obstruction (O) (EILO)
		11.1.2	 Symptoms
		11.1.3	 Differential Diagnosis
		11.1.4	 Evaluation
		11.1.5	 The Continuous Laryngoscopy Exercise (CLE) Test
		11.1.6	 CLE Test Evaluation
		11.1.7	 Epidemiology
		11.1.8	 Etiology Theories
			11.1.8.1	 EILO at the Supraglottic Level
			11.1.8.2	 EILO at the Glottic Level
	11.2	 Treatments
		11.2.1	 Surgical Treatment
		11.2.2	 Detailed Description of the Procedure
		11.2.3	 Effect of Surgical Treatment
	11.3	 Important Results
	11.4	 Definition
	References
12: Office-Based Procedures
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Possible Interventions in Office-Based Phonosurgery
		12.2.1	 Biopsy/Excision
		12.2.2	 Injection
		12.2.3	 Augmentation
		12.2.4	 Laser
		12.2.5	 Arytenoid Mobility Test
		12.2.6	 EMG
		12.2.7	 Varia
	12.3	 Setting
		12.3.1	 Corona Virus and Protective Measures
		12.3.2	 Patient Position
		12.3.3	 One Surgeon or Two Surgeons?
		12.3.4	 Instrumentation
		12.3.5	 Combined Methods
	12.4	 Medication and Anesthesia
		12.4.1	 Medication
		12.4.2	 Monitoring
		12.4.3	 “Verbal” Anesthesia
		12.4.4	 Intranasal Anesthesia
		12.4.5	 Intraoral Anesthesia
		12.4.6	 Anesthesia of the Pharynx and Larynx
	12.5	 Complications and Failures
	12.6	 Transoral Surgery
		12.6.1	 Palpation-Biopsy-Excision
		12.6.2	 Injection and Augmentation
		12.6.3	 Laser Surgery
	12.7	 Transnasal Surgery
		12.7.1	 Palpation-Biopsy-Excision
		12.7.2	 Injection and Augmentation Laryngoplasty
		12.7.3	 Laser Surgery
	12.8	 Percutaneous Procedures
		12.8.1	 Injections
		12.8.2	 Vocal Fold Medialization
		12.8.3	 Percutaneous Endolaryngeal Laser Surgery
		12.8.4	 Transnasal Esophagoscopy (TNE)
		12.8.5	 Transnasal Tracheoscopy (TNT)
	12.9	 Possible Complications
	12.10	 Disinfection and Hygiene
	12.11	 Outlook
	References
13: Laryngeal Surgery in Children
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Laryngeal Assessment
	13.3	 Equipment and Theatre Setup
	13.4	 Paediatric Anaesthetic Considerations
	13.5	 Disorders of the Larynx in Children and Their Surgical Management
		13.5.1 Laryngomalacia
			13.5.1.1	 Introduction
			13.5.1.2	 Clinical Features
			13.5.1.3	 Diagnosis
			13.5.1.4	 Management
			13.5.1.5	 Surgery
		13.5.2 Vocal Cord Paralysis
			13.5.2.1	 Introduction
			13.5.2.2	 Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
				Clinical Features
				Diagnosis
				Management
				Surgery
			13.5.2.3	 Bilateral VCP
				Clinical Features
				Diagnosis
				Management
				Endoscopic Surgery
		13.5.3 Subglottic Stenosis
			13.5.3.1	 Introduction
			13.5.3.2	 Clinical Features and Diagnosis
			13.5.3.3	 Surgery
			13.5.3.4	 Endoscopic
			13.5.3.5	 Medical
			13.5.3.6	 Open Surgery
		13.5.4 Subglottic Cysts
			13.5.4.1	 Introduction
			13.5.4.2	 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
			13.5.4.3	 Surgery
		13.5.5 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
			13.5.5.1	 Introduction
			13.5.5.2	 Natural History
			13.5.5.3	 Clinical Features
			13.5.5.4	 Diagnosis
			13.5.5.5	 Surgery
			13.5.5.6	 Adjuvant Therapy
		13.5.6 Vocal Cord Nodules
			13.5.6.1	 Introduction
			13.5.6.2	 Clinical Features and Diagnosis
			13.5.6.3	 Management
			13.5.6.4	 Surgery
		13.5.7 Anterior Glottic Web
			13.5.7.1	 Introduction
			13.5.7.2	 Clinical Features
			13.5.7.3	 Diagnosis
			13.5.7.4	 Management
			13.5.7.5	 Surgery
		13.5.8 Laryngeal Cleft
			13.5.8.1	 Introduction
			13.5.8.2	 Clinical Features
			13.5.8.3	 Diagnosis
			13.5.8.4	 Medical Management
			13.5.8.5	 Surgery
			13.5.8.6	 Endoscopic
			13.5.8.7	 Open
		13.5.9 Subglottic Haemangioma
			13.5.9.1	 Introduction
			13.5.9.2	 Clinical Features
			13.5.9.3	 Diagnosis
			13.5.9.4	 Management
			13.5.9.5	 Medical Treatment
			13.5.9.6	 Surgery
		13.5.10 Vallecular Cysts
			13.5.10.1	 Introduction
			13.5.10.2	 Clinical Presentation
			13.5.10.3	 Diagnosis
			13.5.10.4	 Surgery
		13.5.11 Laryngeal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
			13.5.11.1	 Laryngeal Sarcoidosis
				Surgery
			13.5.11.2	 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis of the Larynx
				Surgery
			13.5.11.3	 Neurofibromas of the Larynx
				Surgery
	References
14: Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Epidemiology
	14.3	 Human Papillomavirus
	14.4	 Immune Response
	14.5	 Etiology
	14.6	 Clinical Presentation
	14.7	 Diagnosis
	14.8	 Clinical Course
	14.9	 Quality of Life
	14.10	 Staging
	14.11	 Disease Severity
	14.12	 Surgery
	14.13	 Adjuvant Treatment
	14.14	 Speech Therapy
	14.15	 Conclusion
	References
15: Laryngotracheal Blunt Trauma
	15.1	 Injury of the Cartilage Framework of the Larynx and Cervical Trachea
	15.2	 Injury of the Cricoarytenoid Joint
	15.3	 Laryngeal Soft Tissue Injury
	15.4	 Emergency Management of Laryngotracheal Blunt Trauma
	15.5	 Evaluation of Laryngotracheal Injury
		15.5.1	 Laryngotracheal Trauma Repair
	15.6	 Postoperative Management
	15.7	 Tips and Pearls
	References
16: Glottic Airway Stenosis
	16.1	 Introduction
	16.2	 Anatomy of the Glottis
	16.3	 Relevant Embryology
	16.4	 Physiology of the Glottis
	16.5	 Clinical Assessment
	16.6	 Anaesthesia for Glottic Airway Surgery
	16.7	 Causes of Glottic Stenosis
		16.7.1	 Congenital Glottic Stenosis
		16.7.2	 Acquired Causes of Bilateral Impaired Vocal Fold Function
		16.7.3	 Systemic Causes of Glottic Stenosis
		16.7.4	 Traumatic Causes of Glottic Stenosis
		16.7.5	 Infective Causes of Glottic Stenosis
		16.7.6	 Neoplastic Causes of Glottic Stenosis
	16.8	 Management of Glottic Stenosis
		16.8.1	 Laser Techniques
		16.8.2	 Suture Lateralisation
		16.8.3	 Selective Reinnervation
		16.8.4	 Laryngeal Pacing
	References
17: Subglottic and Tracheal Stenosis
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Anatomy (Fig. 17.1)
	17.3	 Etiologies
		17.3.1	 Children
			17.3.1.1	 Subglottis
				Congenital SGS (Fig. 17.2)
				Glottic Webs and Atresia (Fig. 17.3)
				Acquired Glotto-SGS (Fig. 17.4)
			17.3.1.2	 Trachea
		17.3.2	 Adults
			17.3.2.1	 Subglottis
			17.3.2.2	 Trachea
	17.4	 Preoperative Evaluation
		17.4.1	 Grading Systems
			17.4.1.1	 SGS
		17.4.2	 Basic Assessment
			17.4.2.1	 History
			17.4.2.2	 Assessment of General Condition and Preoperative Preparation
			17.4.2.3	 Radiological Evaluation
		17.4.3	 Endoscopic Workup
			17.4.3.1	 Awake Trans-nasal Flexible Laryngoscopy (TNFL)
			17.4.3.2	 Asleep TNFL (Fig. 17.12)
			17.4.3.3	 Direct Laryngotracheoscopy with a Bare 0° Rod-Lens Telescope
			17.4.3.4	 Broncho-Esophagoscopy
		17.4.4	 Multidisciplinary Teams
	17.5	 Treatment Options and Techniques
		17.5.1	 Primary Endoscopic
		17.5.2	 Open Airway Surgery: General Intraoperative Considerations (See Fig. 17.16)
		17.5.3	 Laryngotracheal Reconstruction (LTR) with Cartilage Expansion
			17.5.3.1	 Procedure (Figs. 17.17 and 17.18)
		17.5.4	 Partial Cricotracheal Resection (PCTR)
			17.5.4.1	 Procedure (Fig. 17.20)
		17.5.5	 EPCTR for SGS Combined with Glottic Pathology (Figs. 17.21 and 17.22)
		17.5.6	 Tracheal Resection with End-to-End Anastomosis
			17.5.6.1	 Procedure
		17.5.7	 Slide Tracheoplasty
			17.5.7.1	 Procedure (Fig. 17.23)
		17.5.8	 Tension-Releasing Maneuvers in Extensive Airway Resection
		17.5.9	 Tracheostomy
			17.5.9.1	 Recommended Sites of Performing the Tracheostomy (Fig. 17.24)
	17.6	 Postoperative Care and Follow-Up in Open Airway Surgery
	17.7	 Results
		17.7.1	 Pediatric LTR and PCTR and Slide Tracheoplasty
			17.7.1.1	 LTR
			17.7.1.2	 PCTR and TR
		17.7.2	 Adult PCTR, LT, and TR
			17.7.2.1	 PCTR
			17.7.2.2	 LTR
			17.7.2.3	 TR
	17.8	 LTS and COVID-19 Pandemic (Fig. 17.25)
	17.9	 Tips and Pearls to Avoid Complications
	17.10	 Future Developments
	References
18: Tracheotomy
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Indications for Tracheotomy
	18.3	 Decision Making for Open Neck Tracheotomy Versus Percutaneous Tracheotomy
	18.4	 Tracheotomy Techniques
		18.4.1	 Conventional or Open Neck Tracheotomy
		18.4.2	 Percutaneous Dilatation Tracheotomy
		18.4.3	 Tracheotomy in the Pediatric Age Group
		18.4.4	 Bedside Open Tracheotomy
		18.4.5	 Emergency Tracheotomy
			18.4.5.1	 Open Tracheotomy
			18.4.5.2	 Cricothyroidotomy
		18.4.6	 Mediastinal Tracheostomy (MT)
			18.4.6.1	 The Procedure
			18.4.6.2	 Technical Comments
	18.5	 Complications of Tracheotomy
	18.6	 Pearls and Tips
		18.6.1	 Pearls
		18.6.2	 Practical Tips
	References
19: Neurolaryngology
	19.1	 Introduction
	19.2	 Electromyography
		19.2.1	 Definition
		19.2.2	 Technique
		19.2.3	 Other Techniques
		19.2.4	 New Techniques and Tools
		19.2.5	 Electrostimulation to Select Cases for Laryngeal Pacing
	19.3	 Clinical Significance
		19.3.1	 Diagnosis
		19.3.2	 Prognosis
		19.3.3	 LEMG-Guided Injections
		19.3.4	 Laryngeal Pacing
	19.4	 Neurolaryngological Disorders
		19.4.1	 Vocal Cord Paralysis of the Lower Motor Neuron Type: Recurrent and Vagal Nerve Lesions
		19.4.2	 Vocal Cord Paralysis of the Upper Motor Neuron Type
		19.4.3	 Laryngeal Dystonia: Adductor and Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
		19.4.4	 Stroke
		19.4.5	 Essential Voice Tremor
		19.4.6	 Parkinson’s Disease
		19.4.7	 Other Central Nervous System Diseases
	19.5	 Botulinum Toxin Treatment in the Larynx
	References
20: Spasmodic Dysphonia
	20.1	 Introduction
	20.2	 Treatment Options for AdSD
		20.2.1	 Nonsurgical Treatment
			20.2.1.1	 Botulinum Toxin: The Current Gold Standard of Therapy
			20.2.1.2	 Oral Medication
			20.2.1.3	 Voice Therapy
		20.2.2	 Surgical Treatment
			20.2.2.1	 Selective Laryngeal Adductor Denervation–Reinnervation (SLAD-R)
			20.2.2.2	 Thyroplasty Type II (TP II)
			20.2.2.3	 Endoscopic Laser Thyroarytenoid Myoneurectomy (TA Myoneurectomy)
			20.2.2.4	 Anecdotal/Experimental Therapies
	20.3	 AbSD Treatment
	20.4	 Concluding Remarks
	20.5	 Recommendations for the Future
	References
21: Nerve Reconstruction
	21.1	 Introduction
	21.2	 Anatomical Landmarks and Prerequisites
	21.3	 Nonselective Reinnervation (in Unilateral Nerve Lesion)
		21.3.1	 Acute Lesion of the Laryngeal Nerves
		21.3.2	 Reinnervation of Chronic Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
			21.3.2.1	 Inferior Laryngeal Nerve Lesion (Recurrent Nerve Paralysis)
				General Indications
				Surgical Technique (Including Specific Recommendations)
					The Ansa Cervicalis to RLN Anastomosis (“Ansa Technique”) Fig. 21.1
						Technical Variations
					The Nerve-Muscle Pedicle Implantation of HM Tucker
					Combinations
			21.3.2.2	 Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesions
				External Branch (or Cricoid Branch) of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesions
				Internal Branch of the SLN Lesions
			21.3.2.3	 Vagus Nerve Lesion
	21.4	 Selective Motor Reinnervation (in Bilateral Nerve Lesion)
		21.4.1	 Surgical Techniques
			21.4.1.1	 Nerve-Muscle Pedicle with the Ansa Hypoglossi
				Technique
				Results
			21.4.1.2	 Selective Reinnervation Using the Phrenic Nerve
				Technique (Fig. 21.3a)
					Nerve Identification
					Results
	21.5	 Other Techniques or Indication of Nerve Reconstruction
		21.5.1	 Laryngeal Denervation-Reinnervation in Laryngeal Dystonia
		21.5.2	 Laryngeal Pacing and Combination
	21.6	 The Future of Nerve Reconstruction
	21.7	 Conclusion
	References
22: Preoperative Assessment of Laryngeal Cancer
	22.1	 Epidemiology of Laryngeal Cancer
	22.2	 Staging
	22.3	 Imaging
	References
23: HPV and Laryngeal Cancer
	23.1	 p16 Immunohistochemistry as Surrogate Marker
	23.2	 HPV Prevalence and Prognostic Value
	23.3	 Serologic Testing
	References
Untitled
24: Transoral Approach for Early Laryngeal Cancers
	24.1	 Introduction
	24.2	 Preoperative Diagnostic Procedures
	24.3	 Surgical Technique
		24.3.1	 Classification of Procedures for Glottic Carcinoma
			24.3.1.1	 Subepithelial Cordectomy (Type I)
			24.3.1.2	 Subligamental Cordectomy (Type II)
			24.3.1.3	 Transmuscular Cordectomy (Type III)
			24.3.1.4	 Total or Complete Cordectomy (Type IV)
			24.3.1.5	 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Contralateral Vocal Fold (Type Va)
			24.3.1.6	 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Arytenoid (Type Vb)
			24.3.1.7	 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Ventricular Fold (Type Vc)
			24.3.1.8	 Extended Cordectomy Encompassing the Subglottis (Type Vd)
			24.3.1.9	 Extended Cordectomy for Cancers Arising from the Anterior Commissure (Type VI)
		24.3.2	 Classification of Procedures for Supraglottic Carcinoma
			24.3.2.1	 Limited Excision (Type I)
			24.3.2.2	 Medial Supraglottic Laryngectomy with Partial Resection of the Preepiglottic Space (Type II)
			24.3.2.3	 Medial Supraglottic Laryngectomy with Resection of the Preepiglottic Space (Type III)
			24.3.2.4	 Lateral Supraglottic Laryngectomy (Type IV)
	24.4	 Recurrence: Follow-Up, Diagnosis, and Management
	24.5	 Oncological Outcomes
		24.5.1	 Glottic Cancer
		24.5.2	 Supraglottic Cancer
		24.5.3	 Transoral Laser Microsurgery Excision Margins
		24.5.4	 Anterior Commissure Involvement and Vocal Fold Mobility Impairment
	24.6	 Functional Outcomes
	24.7	 Conclusions
	References
25: Transoral Approach for Extended Cancers (T3–T4a)
	25.1	 Introduction
	25.2	 Indications
	25.3	 Exposure and Resection
	25.4	 Surgical Margins
	25.5	 Oncologic Outcomes
	25.6	 Complications
	25.7	 Functional Outcomes
	References
26: Open Neck Approaches: Partial and Reconstructive Laryngectomies
	26.1	 Introduction
	26.2	 The Preoperative Workup
		26.2.1	 Direct Pharyngolaryngoscopy
		26.2.2	 Imaging
	26.3	 Partial Surgery for Laryngeal Cancer
		26.3.1	 Cordectomy
			26.3.1.1	 Core Messages
			26.3.1.2	 Indications
			26.3.1.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.1.4	 Results
			26.3.1.5	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.2	 Frontolateral Vertical Laryngectomy
			26.3.2.1	 Core Message
			26.3.2.2	 Indications
			26.3.2.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.2.4	 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique
			26.3.2.5	 Results
			26.3.2.6	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.3	 Frontal Anterior Laryngectomy with Epiglottoplasty
			26.3.3.1	 Core Message
			26.3.3.2	 Indications
			26.3.3.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.3.4	 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique
			26.3.3.5	 Recommendations for Follow-up
			26.3.3.6	 Results
			26.3.3.7	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.4	 Open Partial Horizontal Laryngectomies (OPHLs)
			26.3.4.1	 Supraglottic Laryngectomy
			26.3.4.2	 Supracricoid Laryngectomy with CHEP
			26.3.4.3	 Supracricoid Laryngectomy with CHP
			26.3.4.4	 Supratracheal Partial Laryngectomy with Tracheo
			26.3.4.5	 Specific Recommendations
			26.3.4.6	 Results
			26.3.4.7	 Recommendations for Follow-Up
			26.3.4.8	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.5	 Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP): OPHL Type IIa
			26.3.5.1	 Core Message
			26.3.5.2	 Indications
			26.3.5.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.5.4	 Specific Recommendations According to the Technique
			26.3.5.5	 Recommendations for Follow-up
			26.3.5.6	 Results
			26.3.5.7	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.6	 Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidopexy (CHP): OPHL Type IIb
			26.3.6.1	 Core Message
			26.3.6.2	 Indication
			26.3.6.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.6.4	 Specific Recommendations
			26.3.6.5	 Results
			26.3.6.6	 Recommendations for Follow-Up
			26.3.6.7	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.3.7	 Supratracheal Partial Laryngectomy with Tracheohyoidoepiglottopexy (THEP) and Tracheohyoidopexy (THP): OPHL Type III
			26.3.7.1	 Core Message
			26.3.7.2	 Indication
			26.3.7.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.3.7.4	 Specific Recommendations
			26.3.7.5	 Results
			26.3.7.6	 Recommendations for Follow-Up
			26.3.7.7	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
	26.4	 Partial Surgery for Hypopharyngeal Cancer
		26.4.1	 Posterior Partial Pharyngectomy
			26.4.1.1	 Core Messages
			26.4.1.2	 Indications
			26.4.1.3	 Specific Assessment
			26.4.1.4	 Surgical Technique
		26.4.2	 Partial Lateral Pharyngectomy (Trotter)
		26.4.3	 Supracricoid Hemipharyngolaryngectomy
			26.4.3.1	 Core Messages
			26.4.3.2	 Indications
			26.4.3.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.4.3.4	 Recommendations for Follow-up
			26.4.3.5	 Results
			26.4.3.6	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
		26.4.4	 Supraglottic Hemipharyngolaryngectomy
			26.4.4.1	 Core Message
			26.4.4.2	 Indications
			26.4.4.3	 Surgical Technique
			26.4.4.4	 Recommendations for Follow-up
			26.4.4.5	 Results
			26.4.4.6	 Tips and Pearl to Avoid Complications
	References
Total Laryngectomy
	27.1	 Selected Details of Larynx Anatomy
		27.1.1	 Lymphatic Network
			27.1.1.1	 Glottis
			27.1.1.2	 Supraglottis
			27.1.1.3	 Subglottis
		27.1.2	 Vessels Supply
		27.1.3	 Nerves Supply
		27.1.4	 Surrounding Structures Important for Surgical Anatomy
		27.1.5	 Directions of Extralaryngeal Spread
			27.1.5.1	 Supraglottis
			27.1.5.2	 Glottis
			27.1.5.3	 Subglottis
		27.1.6	 Pattern of Metastasis
	27.2	 General Principles of Surgical and Combined Treatment in the Advanced Stages of Disease
	27.3	 Total Laryngectomy
		27.3.1	 History
		27.3.2	 Indications and Contraindications
			27.3.2.1	 Common Indications
			27.3.2.2	 Rare Indications
			27.3.2.3	 Contraindications
			27.3.2.4	 Nonresectable Disease
		27.3.3	 Technique
		27.3.4	 Salvage Total Laryngectomy after Conservation Laryngeal Surgery (TOLM, Open Partial Laryngectomy OPL)
		27.3.5	 Salvage Total Laryngectomy after RT or RT/CT Failure
		27.3.6	 The Indications to Plan a Reconstruction After TL Can Be Divided into
			27.3.6.1	 The Flap Techniques Used in Closure of the Defect
			27.3.6.2	 Other Surgical Tips
		27.3.7	 Cost-Effectiveness
		27.3.8	 The Transoral Endoscopic Ultrasonic Total Laryngectomy (TOUSS-TL)
		27.3.9	 Transoral Robotic Total Laryngectomy (TORS)
		27.3.10 Postoperative Complications
	27.4	 Swallowing Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy
	27.5	 Speech Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy
	27.6	 General Care After Total Laryngectomy
	27.7	 Prognosis
	27.8	 Neck Dissection
	27.9	 Treatment Failures
	27.10	 Health-Related Quality of Life Following Total Laryngectomy
	27.11	 Long-Term Follow-Up
	27.12	 Summary
	References
28: Principles of Salvage Laryngeal Surgery
	28.1	 Introduction
	28.2	 Evaluation of Recurrence
	28.3	 Patient Selection
	28.4	 Setting
	28.5	 Perioperative Optimization and Planning
		28.5.1	 The Use of Antibiotics
	28.6	 Surgical Management
		28.6.1	 Surgical Principles
		28.6.2	 Neck Management
		28.6.3	 The Use of Flaps
		28.6.4	 Management of the Thyroid Gland
		28.6.5	 The Use of Salivary Bypass Tubes
		28.6.6	 Voice Rehabilitation
	28.7	 Complications
	28.8	 Postoperative Management
		28.8.1	 Postoperative Care
		28.8.2	 Swallowing
	28.9	 Conclusions
	References
29: Management of Tracheal Tumors
	29.1	 Introduction
	29.2	 Epidemiology
	29.3	 Etiology
	29.4	 Anatomy
	29.5	 Histopathological Tumor Types
	29.6	 Clinical Presentation
	29.7	 Evaluation and Diagnosis
	29.8	 Setting
	29.9	 Management
	29.10	 Surgery
	29.11	 Transoral and Endotracheal Debridement
	29.12	 Endotracheal Stenting
	29.13	 Radiotherapy
	29.14	 Chemotherapy
	29.15	 Immunotherapy
	29.16	 Conclusion
	References
30: Reconstruction of the Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Defects
	30.1	 Introduction
	30.2	 Classification of Laryngopharyngeal Defects
	30.3	 Type I Laryngeal Defect (Vertical Hemilaryngectomy)
	30.4	 Type II Laryngeal Defect (Simple Total Laryngectomy)
	30.5	 Type Ia Hypopharyngeal Defect (Defect in the Hypopharyngeal Posterior Wall)
	30.6	 Type Ib Hypopharyngeal Defect (Defect in the Hypopharyngeal Lateral Wall)
	30.7	 Type II Hypopharyngeal Defects (Total Laryngectomy with Partial Pharyngectomy)
		30.7.1	 Regional Flaps
			30.7.1.1	 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap
			30.7.1.2	 Supraclavicular Flap
		30.7.2	 Free Flaps
			30.7.2.1	 Radial Forearm Free Flap
			30.7.2.2	 Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap
	30.8	 Type III Hypopharyngeal Defect (Total Laryngectomy with Total Pharyngectomy)
		30.8.1	 Regional Flaps
			30.8.1.1	 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap
		30.8.2	 Free Flaps
			30.8.2.1	 Radial Forearm Free Flap
			30.8.2.2	 Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap
			30.8.2.3	 Jejunal Free Flap
			30.8.2.4	 Gastro-Omental Free Flap
	30.9	 Type IV Hypopharyngeal Defect (Laryngo-Pharyngo-Esophagectomy)
	30.10	 Salivary Bypass Tubes
	References
31: Surgery of Larynx and Trachea: Voice Restoration and Total Laryngectomy
	31.1	 Historical Development of Voice Restoration
	31.2	 Technical and Physiological Aspects of Voice Restoration with Voice Prostheses
	31.3	 Surgical Procedures Required for Successful Utilization of a Voice Prosthesis
	31.4	 Management of Voice Prostheses and Their Complications
	31.5	 Changing a Voice Prosthesis
	31.6	 Speaking Problems with a Voice Prosthesis
	31.7	 Gastroesophageal Reflux
	31.8	 HMEs and Tracheostomy Valves
	31.9	 Alternatives to Voice Prostheses
	References
32: Da Vinci Robotic Surgery for Laryngeal Cancers
	32.1	 Introduction
	32.2	 The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System
	32.3	 TORS Versus Microsuspension Laryngoscopy
	32.4	 Single Port “SP” da Vinci System
	32.5	 Clinical Applications
	32.6	 TORS Supraglottic Laryngectomy
	32.7	 TORS Glottic Cordectomy
	32.8	 TORS Hypopharyngectomy
	32.9	 TORS Total Laryngectomy
	32.10	 Conclusions
	References
33: Robotic Surgery: FLEX System
	33.1	 Retractors
	33.2	 Instruments
	33.3	 Applications I: Benign Lesions
	33.4	 Applications II: Malignant Tumors
	33.5	 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
34: Surgery for Swallowing Disorders
	34.1	 Introduction
	34.2	 Evaluation of Dysphagia
	34.3	 Management of Dysphagia
		34.3.1	 Aspiration
		34.3.2	 Cricopharyngeus Muscle Dysfunction (CPMD)
		34.3.3	 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
		34.3.4	 Obstructive Esophageal Pathology
		34.3.5	 Diverticular Diseases
		34.3.6	 Motility Disorders
	34.4	 Multiple Choice Questions
	References
35: Preoperative and Postoperative Speech Therapy
	35.1	 Place of the Speech Language Therapist in the care pathway
		35.1.1	 Voice and Swallowing Assessment as a Starting Point for Patient’s Management
			35.1.1.1 Voice and Speech Assessment
				Interviewing the Patient, Self-Evaluation Questionnaires/Scales
				Quantitative Subjective Perceptual Assessment
				Acoustic Parameters for Objective Measures
				Laryngeal Imaging: Examining Laryngeal Anatomy and Function
			35.1.1.2 Swallowing Assessment
				Interview and Self-Evaluation Questionnaires and Scales
				Swallowing Imaging: Examining Pharyngo-Laryngeal Anatomy and Function
		35.1.2	 General Goals of the SLT
			35.1.2.1 Indirect Therapy, Holistic and Behavioral
			35.1.2.2 Direct Therapy, Organic and Functional
			35.1.2.3 Global Management
			35.1.2.4 SLT’s Role According to the Specificities of the Pathologies
	35.2	 Benign Pathologies of the Larynx with Surgery Limited to the Glottis
		35.2.1	 Exudative Lesions of Reinke’s Space, Phonotraumatic Vocal Hyperfunction
		35.2.2	 Cyst, Sulcus, Scar
		35.2.3	 Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility
	35.3	 Laryngeal Cancer and General Principles for SLTs
		35.3.1	 Collaboration for a Better Quality of Life
		35.3.2	 Cancer Disease and Life Plans
		35.3.3	 Caregiver Involvement
		35.3.4	 Associated Treatments
	35.4	 Voice, Speech, and Swallowing Assessment in the Context of Laryngeal Cancer
		35.4.1	 Voice and Speech Assessment and Management
			35.4.1.1 Perceptual and Self-Evaluation of Voice
			35.4.1.2 Acoustic Evaluation
			35.4.1.3 Laryngeal Imaging
			35.4.1.4 The SLT’s Treatment Plan
				Direct Therapy
				Indirect Therapy
		35.4.2	 Swallowing Assessment and Management
			35.4.2.1 The Organic and Functional Assessment
			35.4.2.2 The SLT’s Treatment Plan
				Direct Therapy
				Indirect Therapy
	35.5	 SLT Specific Management for Endoscopic or External Laryngeal Surgery
		35.5.1	 Transoral Surgery
			35.5.1.1 Glottic Carcinoma
				SLT Goals
				Timing
				Vocal Results
			35.5.1.2 Supraglottic Carcinoma
				Voice Rehabilitation
				Swallowing Rehabilitation
		35.5.2	 External Surgery
			35.5.2.1 Glottic Carcinoma
				Vertical Partial Laryngectomy
				SLT’s Goal
				Vocal Results
				Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP)
				SLT’s Goal
				Vocal Results
				Swallowing Results
			35.5.2.2 Supraglottic Carcinoma
				Supraglottic Laryngectomy
				SLT’s Goal
				Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy with Cricohyoidopexy (CHP)
				SLT’s Goal
	35.6	 Conclusions
	References




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