Textbook of Clinical Neuroanatomy

Cover
Title page
Copyright Page
Dedicated to
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 - Development of the Nervous System
	Learning Objectives
	Formation of neural tube
	Formation of neural crest cells
	Formation of ectodermal placodes
	Development of spinal cord
	Development of brain
		Flexures of the Brain
			Pontine Flexure
			Cervical Flexure
			Cephalic Flexure
		Development of Ventricular System
		Development of Circumventricular Organs
	Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
	Midbrain (mesencephalon)
	Forebrain (prosencephalon)
2 - Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
	Learning Objectives
	Divisions of nervous system
		Anatomical
		Functional
	Cellular organization of the nervous system
		Neurons (Neuro, Nerve)
			Classification of Neurons (Types of Neurons)
				Anatomical (Morphological) Classification
					According to Polarity
					According to Relative Lengths of Axons and Dendrites
				Functional Classification
					Types of Sensory Neurons
					Types of Motor Neurons
			Fine Structure of a Typical Neuron
				Axon Transport
		Neuroglia
			Neuroglia in the Central Nervous System
			Neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System
	Synaptic transmission
		Synapse
			Classification of Synapses
			Structure of a Synapse
			Mechanism of Transmission of Nerve Impulse
				Neurotransmitters
			Properties of Synapse
3 - Peripheral Nerves and Ganglia
	Learning Objectives
	Nerve fibres
		Myelinated and Non-myelinated Nerve Fibres
			Myelination (Formation of Myelin)
				Myelination of the Peripheral Nerve Fibres
				Functions of the Myelin Sheath
		Conduction of Action Potential along an Axon
	Classification of peripheral nerve fibres
	Peripheral nerves
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves
			Typical Spinal Nerve
				Plexus Formation
		Structure of the Peripheral Nerve
		Degeneration and Regeneration of the Peripheral Nerves after Injury
			Degeneration of the Nerve Fibre
				Changes in the Nerve Fibre
				Changes in the Nerve Cell Body
			Regeneration of Nerve Fibre
				Factors Necessary for Satisfactory Regeneration
	Ganglia (Swelling or Knot)
		Sensory Ganglia
		Autonomic Ganglia
4 - Receptors and Effectors
	Learning Objectives
	Receptors
		Classification of Receptors
			Functional Types
				On the Basis of the Kind of Information They Provide
				On the Basis of the Manner in Which They are Stimulated
			Anatomical Types
				Non-encapsulated Receptors
				Encapsulated Receptors
		Cutaneous Receptors
		Muscle Receptors
			Neuromuscular Spindles
				Types of Intrafusal Fibres
				Types of Sensory Nerve Endings Supplying Muscle Spindle
			Stretch (Myotatic) Reflex
			Gamma Reflex Loop
		Tendon Receptors
			Golgi Tendon Organs
		Joint Receptors
	Effector nerve endings
		Somatic Effectors
			Motor Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
			Motor Unit
			Neuromuscular Junction or Motor End-Plate
		Visceral Effectors
			Nerve Endings in Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
			Nerve Endings in Glands
5 - Chapter Dermatomes and Muscular Activity
	Learning Objectives
	Segmental innervation of skin
	Segmental innervation of muscles
	Muscle tone
	Movement and posture
		Movement
		Muscle Power
			Grading of Muscle Power
		Posture (physical disposition of the body)
6 - Chapter Central Nervous System: An Overview
	Learning Objectives
	Brain
	Parts of the Brain
		Cerebrum
			Basal Ganglia/Nuclei
		Diencephalon
			Thalamus
			Hypothalamus
			Metathalamus
			Epithalamus
			Subthalamus
		Midbrain
		Pons (Bridge)
		Medulla Oblongata
		Cerebellum (Little Brain)
		Base of the Brain
			Interpeduncular Fossa
	Superficial attachments of the cranial nerves
		Sites of Attachments
	Spinal cord
	Ventricular system and CSF in CNS
	Meninges and CSF
7 - Chapter Spinal Cord
	Learning Objectives
	Functions of the Spinal Cord
	Positional changes of the cord
	Spinal meninges
		Dura Mater
		Arachnoid Mater
		Pia Mater
			Processes of the Pia Mater (Also Called Special Parts of the Pia Mater)
				1. Filum terminale
				2. Subarachnoid septum
				3. Linea splendens
				4. Ligamenta denticulata
	External features of the spinal cord
		Fissures and Sulci
		Attachment of the Spinal Nerves
			Spinal Segments
		Enlargements
		Cauda Equina
	Internal structure of the spinal cord
		Grey Matter
			Structure of the Grey Matter
				Neurons in the Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord
					Structural Classification
					Functional Classification
				Nerve Cell Groups in the Grey Columns of the Spinal Cord
					Cell Groups in the Anterior Grey Column
					Cell Groups in the Posterior Grey Column
					Cell Groups in the Intermediate (Lateral) Grey Column
			Laminar Architecture of Grey Matter (Rexed Laminae)
		White Matter
			Types of Fibres in the White Matter
			Divisions of White Matter
	Tracts of the spinal cord
		Classification of the Tracts
			Descending Tracts
				Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract;)
				Rubrospinal Tract
				Reticulospinal Tracts
		Ascending Tracts
			Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
				Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
				Fasciculus Gracilis (Tract of Goll) and Fasciculus Cuneatus (Tract of Burdach)
				Spinocerebellar Tracts
				Intersegmental Tracts
	Intrinsic spinal mechanisms
		Spinal Reflexes
			Reciprocal Inhibition
			Renshaw Cell Inhibition
	Blood supply of the spinal cord
		Arterial Supply
		Venous Drainage
8- Chapter Brainstem
	Learning Objectives
	Medulla oblongata
		External Features
			Features on the Anterior (Ventral) Aspect of Medulla
			Features on the Posterior (Dorsal) Aspect of Medulla
			Features of the Closed Part
			Features of the Open Part
		Internal Structure
			Transverse Section of Medulla at the Level of Pyramidal Decussation (the Great Motor Decussation)
			Transverse Section of Medulla at the Level of Sensory Decussation
			Transverse Section of Medulla at the Level of Olives
			Transverse Section of Medulla Just Inferior to the Pons (Ponto-medullary Junction)
		Blood Supply of the Medulla
	Pons
		External Features
			Ventral (Anterior) Surface
			Dorsal (Posterior) Surface
			Superior Border
			Inferior Border
		Internal Structure
			Basilar Part
				Tegmental Part
			Transverse Section Through the Lower (Caudal) Part of the Pons
				Grey Matter
				White Matter
			Transverse Section Through the Upper (Cranial) Part of the Pons
				Grey Matter
				White Matter
		Blood Supply of the Pons
	Midbrain
		External Features
			Ventral Surface
			Dorsal Surface
		Internal Structure
			Crus Cerebri (Basis Pedunculi)
			Substantia Nigra
		Transverse Section of the Midbrain at the Level of the Inferior Colliculi
			Grey Matter
			White Matter
		Transverse Section of the Midbrain at the Level of the Superior Colliculi
			Grey Matter
				Connections of the superior colliculus
				Connections of red nucleus
			White Matter
		Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
		Blood Supply of the Midbrain
			Arterial Supply
			Venous Drainage
			General Concepts of Brainstem Lesions
9 - Chapter Nuclei, Functional Components and Distribution of Cranial Nerves
	Learning Objectives
	Morphological classification of cranial nerves
	Functional columns and nuclei of cranial nerves
		Development of Functional Columns and Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
		General Somatic Efferent Nuclei
			Oculomotor Nucleus
			Trochlear Nucleus
				Unique features of the trochlear nerve
			Abducent Nucleus
			Hypoglossal Nucleus
		Special Visceral (Branchial) Efferent Nuclei
			Motor Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve
			Nucleus of Facial Nerve
			Nucleus Ambiguus
		General Visceral Efferent Nuclei
			Edinger–Westphal Nucleus (Visceral Oculomotor Nucleus)
			Superior Salivatory and Lacrimatory Nuclei
			Inferior Salivatory Nucleus
			Dorsal Nucleus of Vagus (Also Called Motor Nucleus of Vagus)
		General and Special Visceral Afferent Nuclei
			Nucleus of Solitary Tract
		General Somatic Afferent Nuclei
			Chief Sensory Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve
			Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve
			Mesencephalic Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve
		Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei
			Cochlear Nuclei
			Vestibular Nuclei
				Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei
	Nuclei, functional components and distribution of individual cranial nerves
		I. Olfactory Nerve (Nerve of Smell)
		II. Optic Nerve (Nerve of Vision)
			Unique Features of the Optic Nerve
		III. Oculomotor Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		IV. Trochlear Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		V. Abducent Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		VI. Trigeminal Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		VII. Facial Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		X. Vagus Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		XI. Accessory Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
		XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
			Functional Components
			Course and Distribution
	Cortical control of cranial nerves
	Reflexes mediated by cranial nerves
10 - Chapter Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle
	Learning Objectives
	Cerebellum
		External Features
			Parts
			Surfaces
			Notches
			Fissures
		Subdivisions of Cerebellum
			Anatomical Subdivisions
			Morphological Subdivisions
			Archicerebellum (Vestibular Cerebellum)
			Paleocerebellum (Spinal Cerebellum)
			Neocerebellum (Cerebral Cerebellum)
		Internal Structure
			Grey Matter
				Structure of Cerebellar Cortex
					Molecular (Plexiform) Layer
					Purkinje Cell Layer
					Granular Layer
					Intrinsic Neurons of the Cerebellar Cortex
				Intracerebellar Nuclei
			White Matter
		Connections of Cerebellum
			Afferent Fibres
			Efferent Fibres
	Intrinsic neuronal circuitry in the cerebellum
		Cerebellar Peduncles
			Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
				Afferent Fibres
				Efferent Fibres
			Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
				Afferent Fibres
				Efferent Fibres
			Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
				Afferent Fibres
				Efferent Fibres
		Comparator Function of the Cerebellum
		Arterial Supply of the Cerebellum
	Fourth ventricle
		Features of the Fourth Ventricle
			Recesses of the Fourth Ventricle
			Angles of the Fourth Ventricle
			Boundaries of the Fourth Ventricle
				Lateral Boundaries (Lateral Walls)
				Roof (posterior wall)
					Tela Choroidea of the Fourth Ventricle
					Choroid Plexuses of the Fourth Ventricle
				Floor (Rhomboid Fossa)
					Features of the Floor of Fourth Ventricle (Rhomboid ­Fossa)
		Openings in the Fourth Ventricle
11 - Chapter Diencephalon and Third Ventricle
	Learning Objectives
	Diencephalon
		Thalamus
			External Features
				Ends
				Surfaces
			Internal Structure
				White Matter
				Grey Matter
			Thalamic Nuclei
				Nuclei in the Anterior Part
				Nuclei in the Medial Part
				Nuclei in the Lateral Part
				Other Thalamic Nuclei
				Connections of Thalamic Nuclei
					Connections of the Specific Nuclei
					Connections of the Nonspecific Nuclei
					Connections of the Reticular Nuclei
				Functions of Thalamus
		Metathalamus
			Medial Geniculate Body
				Connections
			Lateral Geniculate Body
				Structure
				Connections
				Functions
		Epithalamus
			Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)
				Structure
				Functions
				Unique Features
		Habenular Nucleus
		Habenular Commissure
		Posterior Commissure
		Subthalamus
		Hypothalamus
			Boundaries of the Hypothalamus
			Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus
			Hypothalamic Nuclei
			Connections of the Hypothalamus
				Afferent Connections
				Efferent Connections
					Connections of the Hypothalamus with the Hypophysis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland)
						Connections with the Neurohypophysis
						Connections with Adenohypophysis
			Functions of Hypothalamus
	Third ventricle
		Communications
		Boundaries
		Recesses of the Ventricle
		Choroid Plexus and Tela Choroidea of the Third Ventricle
12 - Chapter Cerebrum
	Learning Objective
	External features of the cerebral hemisphere
		Poles
		Surfaces
		Borders
		Sulci and Gyri
			Main Cerebral Sulci
				Lateral Sulcus (of Sylvius)
				Central Sulcus (of Rolando)
				Calcarine Sulcus
				Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
		Lobes of the Cerebral Hemisphere
			Insula/Island of Reil (also called Central Lobe)
		Sulci and Gyri on the Superolateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
			In the Frontal Lobe
			In the Parietal Lobe
			In the Temporal Lobe
			In the Occipital Lobe
		Sulci and Gyri on the Medial Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
		Sulci and Gyri on the Inferior Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
			On the orbital part of inferior surface (orbital surface)
			On the Tentorial Part of Inferior Surface (Tentorial SurFace)
	The cerebral cortex
		Types of Cerebral Cortex
	Structure of cerebral cortex
		Types of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex
		Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
		Variations in the Cortical Structure
		Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
			Functional Areas in the Frontal Lobe
				Primary Motor Area (Area 4 of Brodmann)
				Premotor Area (Area 6 of Brodmann)
				Supplementary Motor Area (MsII)
				Frontal Eye Field (Area 8 of Brodmann)
				Motor Speech Area of Broca (Areas 44 and 45 of Brodmann)
				Prefrontal Area
			Functional Areas in the Parietal Lobe
				Primary Sensory Area (Areas 3, 1 and 2 of Brodmann)
				Secondary Sensory Area (SmII)
				Sensory Association Area
				Sensory Speech Area of Wernicke
	Further consideration of motor and sensory areas
		Functional Areas in the Temporal Lobe
			Primary Auditory Area (Brodmann’s Areas 41 and 42)
			Secondary Auditory Area/Auditory Association Area (Brodmann’s Area 22)
		Functional Areas in the Occipital Lobe
			Primary Visual Area/Striate Area (Brodmann’s Area 17)
			Secondary Visual Area/Visual Association Area (Brodmann’s Areas 18 and 19)
		Other Functional Areas in the Cerebral Cortex
	Cerebral hemispheric dominance
13 - Chapter Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
	Learning Objectives
	Corpus striatum
		Caudate Nucleus
		Lentiform Nucleus
			Surfaces
			Parts
		Connections of corpus striatum
			Afferent Connections
			Efferent Connections
		Functions of corpus striatum
	Claustrum
	Amygdaloid body
	Substantia nigra
	Subthalamus (subthalamic nucleus)
	Functions of basal nuclei
		Neural Circuitry Involved in Functioning of Basal Nuclei
14 - Chapter White Matter of the Cerebrum and Lateral Ventricles
	Learning Objectives
	White matter of the cerebrum
		Types of Fibres in the White Matter
			Association Fibres
			Commissural Fibres
	Corpus Callosum
		External Features and Relations of Corpus Callosum
		Parts of the Corpus Callosum
		Functions of the Corpus Callosum
	Anterior Commissure
	Posterior Commissure
	Habenular Commissure
	Hippocampal Commissure (Commissure of Fornix)
		Projection Fibres
	Internal Capsule
		Shape and Boundaries of the Internal Capsule
		Parts of the Internal Capsule
		Constituent Fibres of the Internal Capsule
			Motor Fibres
			Sensory Fibres
				Arterial Supply of the Internal Capsule
				Fornix
	Lateral ventricles
		Parts of Lateral Ventricle
		Boundaries of the Different Parts of Lateral Ventricle
			Central Part or Body
			Anterior (Frontal) Horn
			Posterior (Occipital) Horn
			Inferior (Temporal) Horn
			Choroid Plexus and Choroid Fissure
15 - Chapter Blood Supply of the Brain
	Learning Objectives
	Arteries of the brain
		Circle of Willis (Circulus Arteriosus)
			Functional Significance of Circle of Willis
		Vertebral System
			Vertebral Artery
				Branches of the Cranial Part of the Vertebral Artery
			Basilar Artery
				Branches of Basilar Artery
		Carotid System
			Internal Carotid Artery
				Branches of the Cerebral Part of the Internal Carotid Artery
		Arterial Supply of the Cerebrum
			Branching Pattern of the Cerebral Arteries
				Cortical Branches
				Central Branches
				Choroidal Branches
		Arterial Supply of the Different Surfaces of the Cerebral Hemisphere
			Arterial Supply of the Superolateral Surface
			Arterial Supply of the Medial Surface
			Arterial Supply of the Inferior Surface
		Arterial Supply of the Other Parts of the Brain
	Venous drainage of the brain
		Cerebral Veins
			External (Superficial) Cerebral Veins
				Superior Cerebral Veins
				Middle Cerebral Veins
				Inferior Cerebral Veins
				Other Veins
					Anterior Cerebral Vein
					Basal Vein (of Rosenthal)
						Tributaries
			Internal Cerebral Veins
				Great Cerebral Vein (of Galen)
					Tributaries
		Venous Drainage of the Different Surfaces of the Cerebral Hemisphere
			Venous Drainage of the Superolateral Surface
			Venous Drainage of the Inferior Surface
			Venous Drainage of the Medial Surface
			Types of Intracranial Haemorrhage
	Blood–brain barrier (BBB)
		Structure of Blood–Brain Barrier
		Areas of the Brain Devoid of Blood–Brain Barrier
	Blood–csf barrier
		Structure of Blood–CSF Barrier
16 - Chapter Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
	Learning Objectives
	Meninges
		Intracranial Meninges
			Dura Mater
				Dural Septa or Folds
					Functions of Dural Septa
					Falx Cerebri
					Tentorium Cerebelli
					Falx Cerebelli
					Diaphragma Sellae (or Tentorium Hypophysii)
				Arterial Supply of Dura Mater
				Nerve Supply of Dura Mater
				Dural Venous Sinuses
					Characteristic Features
					Classification
					Unpaired Sinuses
						Superior Sagittal Sinus (SSS)
						Inferior Sagittal Sinus
						Straight Sinus
						Occipital Sinus
					Paired Sinuses
						Sphenoparietal Sinuses
	Cavernous Sinuses
		Formation
		Relations
		Structures Present in the Lateral Wall of Cavernous ­Sinus
		Communications of the Cavernous Sinus
		Tributaries of the cavernous sinus
			Transverse Sinuses
			Sigmoid Sinuses
		Arachnoid Mater
			Processes of Arachnoid
		Pia Mater
			Processes of Pia
		Subarachnoid Space
			Extensions of the Subarachnoid Space
		Subarachnoid Cisterns
	Cerebrospinal fluid
		Composition
		Production
		Circulation and Absorption
		Functions of CSF
		Special Properties of CSF
17 - Chapter Somatic Motor and Sensory Pathways
	Learning Objectives
	Somatic motor pathways
		Pyramidal System
			Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract
				Functions of the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
			Corticonuclear Tract
			Arterial Supply of Areas of Brain and Spinal Cord Occupying the Pyramidal Tract
		extrapyramidal system
			Components of Extrapyramidal System
			Functions of Extrapyramidal System
			Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
	General somatic sensory pathways
		Spinothalamocerebral Pathways
			Spinothalamic Pathways (Pathways for Simple Touch, Pain and Temperature)
				Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
				Ventral Spinothalamic Tract
			Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal Pathways (Pathways for Conscious Proprioception)
				Fasciculus Gracilis, Fasciculus Cuneatus and Medial Lemniscus
		Spinocerebellar Pathways (Pathways for Unconscious Proprioceptive Sensations)
			Dorsal (Posterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
			Ventral (Anterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
			Cuneocerebellar Tract (Posterior External Arcuate Fibres)
		Trigeminothalamic Pathways
			Ventral Trigeminothalamic Tract
			Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract
18 - Chapter Special Senses and Their Neural Pathways
	Learning Objectives
	Olfactory system
		Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Nerves
		Olfactory Bulb, Tract and Striae
		Olfactory Cortical Areas
		Neural Pathways for Sense of Olfaction
			Unique Features of the Olfactory Pathway
	Visual system
		Retina
			Neural Layer
				Rod and Cone Cells
				Bipolar Cells
				Ganglion Cells
			Pigment Epithelium
				The Visual Field and Retinal Quadrants
				Central Projection of Retinal Areas
		Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasma and Optic Tract
		Lateral Geniculate Body
		Geniculocalcarine Tract
		Visual Cortex
		Visual Reflexes
			Light Reflex or Pupillary Reflex
				Pathway of the Reflex
					Afferent Limb
					Efferent Limb
			Accommodation Reflex
				Pathways of the Accommodation Reflex
					Afferent Limb
					Efferent Limb
	Auditory system
		Organ of Corti (Hearing Receptor)
	Steps involved in hearing
		Auditory Neural Pathways
	Vestibular system
		Vestibular Receptors
		Neural Pathways for Balance
	Taste PATHWAY
		Taste Buds
		Neural Pathways for Taste
19 - Chapter Reticular Formation and Limbic System
	Learning Objectives
	Reticular formation
		Anatomical Extension
			Reticular Nuclei in the Brainstem
				Raphe Nuclei (Median Group of Nuclei)
				Medial Group of Nuclei
				Lateral Group of Nuclei
		Connections of Reticular Formation
			Afferent Connections
				Afferents from Various Sensory Pathways or Systems
				Afferent Fibres From Other Parts of Central Nervous System
				Other Factors Influencing the Activity of Reticular Formation
			Efferent Connections
		Functional Divisions of Reticular Formation
			Ascending Reticular Activating System
			Descending Reticular System
		Functions of Reticular Formation
	Limbic system
		Functions of the Limbic System
		Components of the Limbic System
			Cortical Structures
			Subcortical Structures
		Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex (Also Called Amygdaloid Body or Amygdala)
			Connections
		Septal Region
		Hippocampal Formation
			Hippocampus (Also Called Ram’s Horn or Ammon’s Horn/Cornu Ammonis)
				Connections
				Functions of Hippocampus
			Dentate Gyrus, Indusium Griseum, and Medial and Lateral Longitudinal Striae
			Subiculum
			Fibre Bundles of Limbic System
		Fornix (Fig. 19.10)
			Origin, Course and Distribution of its Fibres
			Mammillothalamic Tract (Also Called Bundle of Vicq d’Azyr)
		Papez Circuit
20 - Chapter Autonomic Nervous System
	Learning Objectives
	Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
		Sympathetic Nervous System
			Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System
			Efferent Nerve Fibres (Thoracolumbar Outflow)
			Sympathetic Trunks
				Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia
					Branches
					Branches
					Branches
				Thoracic Ganglia
				Lumbar Ganglia
				Sacral Ganglia
				Prevertebral Ganglia
		Parasympathetic Nervous System
			Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
			Efferent Nerve Fibres
	Autonomic plexuses
	Autonomic ganglia
	Neurotransmitters involved in autonomic nerve impulse transmission
	Afferent nerve fibres of autonomic nervous system (visceral afferents)
		Visceral Pain
	Higher control of the autonomic nervous system
	Enteric nervous system
	Important autonomic innervations
		The Eyeball
		The Salivary Glands
			Parotid Gland
			Submandibular and Sublingual Glands
			Lacrimal Gland
		Gastrointestinal Tract
			Motor Supply
				Functional Significance
			Sensory Supply
		Urinary Bladder
			Motor Supply
			Sensory Supply
			Bladder Function
		Heart
			Motor Supply
				Functions
			Sensory Supply
		Arteries of the Upper Limb
		Arteries of the Lower Limb
Index