Textbook of Allergen Tolerance

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Videos
1: Antigens and Allergens
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Antigens and Immune Responses
		1.2.1	 Sensitization to Allergens
	1.3	 Allergenicity of Allergens
		1.3.1	 Allergen Nomenclature
	1.4	 Concept of Atopy
	1.5	 House Dust Mites (HDM), “Masters of Allergenicity”
	References
2: Immune Tolerance at a Glance
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Tolerance at a Glance
	2.3	 Antigen Tolerance Due to Primary Organs in the Fetal Life
	2.4	 Peripheral Tolerance
	References
3: Immune-Derived Maintenance of Allergen Tolerance
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Tolerogenic Dendritic (tDCs) Cells
	3.3	 Regulatory T (Tregs) Cells
	3.4	 Other Pro-Tolerogenic Cells
		3.4.1	 Regulatory B (Breg) Cells
		3.4.2	 Macrophages (M2)
		3.4.3	 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor (MDSC) Cells
	3.5	 Immunosuppressive Cytokines
	3.6	 Coinhibitory Molecules
	3.7	 Blocking or Competing Antibodies
	3.8	 Tolerogenic Microbiota
	3.9	 Pro-Inflammatory Factors
		3.9.1	 Mast Cells and Basophils
		3.9.2	 Eosinophils
		3.9.3	 ILC2
		3.9.4	 Neutrophils
		3.9.5	 Monocytes and Macrophages (M1)
		3.9.6	 Inflammatory Dendritic Cells
		3.9.7	 Helper T Cells
		3.9.8	 Inflammatory Chemokines
		3.9.9	 Molecular Patterns Promote Allergic Inflammation
	References
4: The Role of the Neuroimmune Network in Allergic Inflammation
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Innervation of the Allergic Target Organs
	4.3	 Functional Organization of the Neuroimmune Network
	4.4	 Types of Synaptic Transmission Neuro Molecules
		4.4.1	 Neurotransmitter Receptors
		4.4.2	 Place of Neuro Molecules in Allergen Tolerance Maintenance and Breakdown
	4.5	 Prevalent Pro-Immunogenic Neuro Molecules
	4.6	 Predominant Pro-Tolerogenic Neuro Molecules
	4.7	 Prevalent Neuro Molecules in the Target Organs
	4.8	 Polymorphisms and Mutations in Some Neuro Molecules Genes, and Related Genes, Which May Concern Allergies
	4.9	 “Neurogenic Inflammation”
	References
5: Conventional Atopic Diseases
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Allergologic Investigations
		5.2.1	 Patient’s Current and Past Medical History and Physical Examination
		5.2.2	 Component Resolved Diagnosis (CRD)
		5.2.3	 Debates in Allergic Skin Tests
	5.3	 Allergic Asthma
	5.4	 Allergic Rhinitis (Rhinoconjunctivitis)
	5.5	 Atopic Dermatitis
	5.6	 Urticaria and Anaphylaxis
	5.7	 Medication Therapy for Allergies
		5.7.1	 Antihistamines
		5.7.2	 Membrane Stabilizers
		5.7.3	 Topical Corticosteroids
		5.7.4	 Calcineurin Inhibitors
		5.7.5	 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
		5.7.6	 Biologics
	References
6: Local Atopic Disorders in the Unified Airway
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Local Allergic Asthma
	6.3	 Local Allergic Rhinitis
		6.3.1	 Previous Studies in Local Allergic Rhinitis and Their Discussion
		6.3.2	 Neurotransmitter Immunoregulation in Allergic Rhinitis
		6.3.3	 Preliminary Clinical Diagnostic Markers of Local Allergic Rhinitis
		6.3.4	 Corroborative Clinical Diagnostic Markers of Local Allergic Rhinitis
	6.4	 “Dual” Allergic Rhinitis
	6.5	 Local Allergic Conjunctivitis
	References
7: Food Allergies and Oral Tolerance
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Autonomous Enteric Neuroimmune System
	7.3	 Allergenicity of Food Proteins and Sensitization to Them
	7.4	 Oral Tolerance and Food Allergies
		7.4.1	 Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Oral Tolerance
		7.4.2	 Prerequisites of Oral Tolerance Breakdown
		7.4.3	 Polymorphisms of Food Allergies
	7.5	 Why Does Anaphylaxis Happen to Some, But Not to Others?
	7.6	 Allergic Inflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract
	References
8: Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (AIT)
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 History of the Invention
	8.3	 Rationale of Allergen-Specific Therapy and Future Perspectives
	8.4	 Clinical Aspects of AIT’s Protocols
	8.5	 Protocols of Executing Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
	8.6	 Constituting the Allergen Tolerance During AIT
	References
9: Allergen Tolerance in the Genitourinary Tract
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Neuroimmune System of the Genitourinary Tract
	9.3	 Allergic Reactions to Sperm Allergens
	9.4	 Allergen Tolerance Breakdown in the Genitourinary Tract and Painful Coitus
		9.4.1	 Vulvodynia
		9.4.2	 Chronic Vulvovaginitis
		9.4.3	 Allergic Balanoposthitis
	9.5	 Preventive Benefit of Male Circumcision
	References
10: Allergies in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2
	10.3	 Preexisting Comorbid Atopic Diseases in COVID-19
	10.4	 Immunity and Allergies in COVID-19 Convalescents
	References
Afterword
Answers to Quizzes
	Chapter 1A
	Chapter 1B
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3A
	Chapter 3B
	Chapter 4A
	Chapter 4B
	Chapter 5A
	Chapter 5B
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7A
	Chapter 7B
	Chapter 8A
	Chapter 8B
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
Index