Terror in Chechnya : Russia and the Tragedy of Civilians in War

List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
PART ONE
THE CRIMES
1. THE BOMBING, 1999-2000 23
The Prelude to War 23
The Assault on Chechnya 32
2. THE ZACHISTKA, 2000-2002 50
The Massacre at Novye Aldy 54
Torture at Chernokozovo 58
Temporary Filtration Points 62
3. THE DISAPPEARANCES, 2002-5 77
The Early Cases 78
Chechenization 83
Summary Executions and Mass Graves 91
4. FINDING REFUGE 98
Evacuation Routes 99
The Humanitarian Response and Forced Migrant Status 103
Forced Evictions and the Politics of Normalization 110
Asylum in Europe 118
PART TWO
THE RESPONSE
5. CHECHEN RETALIATION 123
Budennovsk and Kizliar 127
Dubrovka and Operation Boomerang 130
Beslan 138
6. CIVIL SOCIETY REACTS 144
The Journalists: Babitskii, Politkovskaia, Abdulaeva, and Aliev 146
The Moscow Human Rights Community 157
Local Chechen Resistance 161
7. INTERNATIONAL FAILURE 165
The UN Commission on Human Rights 166
The Council of Europe 168
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 174
The United States and the War on Terror 177
A War Crimes Tribunal for Chechnya 179
8. SEEKING JUSTICE IN EUROPE: CHECHENS AT THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 183
NGO Justice 186
Human Rights Case I: Isaeva, Iusupova and Bazaeva v. Russia 188
Human Rights Cases II and III: Bazorkina v. Russia and Luluev v. Russia 192
Human Rights Case IV: Chitaev and Chitaev v. Russia 197
Public Hearings 199
CONCLUSION 204
Notes 213
Bibliography 241
Index 265