Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems: Materials, Methods and Applications

Preface
Contents
High-Efficiency Hexagonal-Shaped Quad Element MIMO Antenna for Terahertz Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Antenna Design Layout
		2.1 Quad Element Antenna Design
	3 Parametric Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 MIMO Diversity Performance
	6 Losses and Terahertz Channel Capacity
		6.1 Channel Capacity
	7 Conclusion
	References
An Ultra-Thin Octad-Band THz Metamaterial Absorber with Polarization-Insensitivity for Sensor Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Electromagnetic Metamaterial Absorber
		2.1 Proposed Terahertz Absorber Design
		2.2 Numerically Simulated Results
		2.3 Effective Material Parameters
	3 Surface-Current Distributions and Electric Field Distributions
	4 Equivalent Circuit Diagram
	5 Effects of Geometrical Parameters Variations
	6 Sensor Applications
	7 Conclusions
	References
A Terahertz-Based Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection with High Q Factor and Low Figure of Merit
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Modeling
		2.1 Graphene Conductivity Analysis
		2.2 Performance-Defining Parameters for Proposed Sensor
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Analysis of a CPW-Fed Fractal MIMO THz Antenna Using an Array of Parasitic Elements
	1 Introduction
	2 Antenna Geometry and Analysis
	3 Results Analysis
	4 MIMO Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Generation and Detection of Free-Space Terahertz Waveforms
	1 Introduction
	2 The Generation and Detection System
	3 GaAs Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
		3.1 Theoretical Framework
		3.2 Experimental Framework
	4 ZnSe Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
		4.1 Theoretical Framework
		4.2 Experimental Framework
	5 ZnSe Electro-optic Terahertz Detectors
		5.1 Theoretical Framework
		5.2 Experimental Framework
	6 Conclusions
	References
Design of a Frequency Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifier for the Terahertz Band
	1 Introduction
	2 The RF Receiver
	3 The LNA Design Characteristics: Technical Background
	4 LNA Design
		4.1 Transistor Technology and Characteristics
		4.2 The Proposed LNA
		4.3 Case Study: Airport Ground Traffic Management
	5 Simulation Results
		5.1 DC Characteristics
		5.2 S_Parameters
		5.3 Noise Figure
		5.4 Stability
		5.5 Linearity
	6 Conclusion
	References
SIMO Array Characterized THz Antenna Resonating at Multiband Ultra High Frequency Range for 6G Wireless Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Antenna Design and Analysis
		2.1 Single Antenna Element
		2.2 Proposed Single Element Antenna with Ground Structure
	3 Antenna Array Structure Simulated for Various Substrate
		3.1 Development of Array from Single Antenna
		3.2 Substrate Selection for Array Based on Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Analysis of a Tri-band Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Terahertz Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design
		2.1 Antenna Geometry
		2.2 Parametric Study
	3 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design
	4 Conclusion
	References
III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Operation Principle of HEMT
		2.1 Origin of 2DEG
		2.2 RF and THz Parameters
	3 State-of-the-Art Research on III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications
		3.1 Self-Mixing in GaN-Based HEMT for THz Detector
		3.2 THz Amplification in GaN-Based HEMTs
		3.3 THz Generation in GaN-Based HEMT
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Analysis on Wireless Communication in 6G THz Network and Their Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Building Block of 6G and THz Communication
		2.1 Structure of Het-Cloud
		2.2 Information Transmission Middle Networks: High Quick Discovery and Transmission Based Infrastructure
		2.3 Acceleration of Hardware
	3 Technical Requirements and Consideration Towards 6G THz Mobile Communication
		3.1 Towards 6th Generation Terahertz Full Stack End-End Network
		3.2 Enabled Wireless Communication in 6G Terahertz
		3.3 Revolution of 6G Terahertz
	4 Terahertz Frequency Challenges
	5 Advantages of Terahertz Communication
	6 Disadvantages of Terahertz Communication
	7 Comparing Performance of Mobile Network
	8 Conclusion
	References
Antennas for THz Communication: Fundamentals, Design Structures, and Current Trends
	1 Motivation for THz Communication
	2 Different Terahertz Antenna Structures for the Communication
		2.1 On-chip THz Antenna
		2.2 Ceramic-Composite THz Lens Antenna
		2.3 Dipole Antenna with Integrated Balun for Broadband THz On-chip Transition
		2.4 THz Planner Antenna Using Photonic Crystal
		2.5 Leaky Wave Antenna for Sub-Terahertz
		2.6 Metamaterial-Based Diffracted Ground-Based MPA with Mender Line Approach
		2.7 Graphene-Based THz Holographic Antenna
	3 Proposed THz MIMO Antenna Structure
		3.1 Introduction of Proposed Design
		3.2 Design and Modelling
		3.3 Discussion About Results
		3.4 Conclusion
	4 Current Trends and Different Applications in THz Communication
		4.1 Water Dynamics Are Sensing by THz Waves
		4.2 Detections of Protein
		4.3 Plasma Wave-Based THz Camera
	5 Future Trends
	6 Conclusion
	References
Compact Photonic Crystal Fiber for Sensing Applications in the THz Regime
	1 Introduction
	2 Conventional Optical Fiber Versus PCFs
	3 Classifications of PCF
		3.1 High Index Guiding PCF
		3.2 Hollow Core PCF
	4 Classifications of Fiber Optical Sensor
	5 Different Structure of PCF Chemical Sensors in THz Regime
	6 Different Structure of PCF Biosensors in THz Regime
		6.1 Blood Components Sensor
		6.2 Cancer Cells Sensor
		6.3 Protein Sensor
		6.4 Malaria Sensor
	7 Milk Sensor
	8 Gas Sensors
	9 Environment Sensor
	10 Conclusions
	References
Study and Design of the Terahertz Antenna Array
	1 Introduction
	2 THz Components
		2.1 THz sources
		2.2 THz Detectors
		2.3 THz Transmission Spectra
	3 Antennas Adapted to Terahertz Frequencies
		3.1 The Methodology to Follow to Design a Microstrip Patch Antenna
		3.2 Results of the Simulations and Discussions
		3.3 The Comparison of the Results Obtained with Those Available in the Scientific Publications
	4 Conclusion
	References
Micromachined Terahertz Metamaterials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Introduction to Metamaterials
	2 Metamaterials Absorber
	3 Laser Based Micromachining
	4 Terahertz Spectroscopy for Characterization
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
THz Design Variable Estimation by Deep Optimization Prior
	1 Introduction
	2 THz Scanning System
	3 Literature Review
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Deep-Optimization
		4.2 Autoencoder: 3D Model
		4.3 Architecture of Network
	5 Result and Analysis
		5.1 Loss
		5.2 Accuracy
	6 Conclusion
	References
Terahertz Imaging: Timeline and Future Prospects
	1 Introduction
	2 A General-Purpose Terahertz Imaging System
	3 Timeline of Work Done in This Field
	4 Current Status, Challenges, and Limitations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Advances in Signal and Communication Processing for Ultra-High-Speed Terahertz Communications
	1 Introduction
	2 Pulse-Based Modulations
		2.1 Time Spread On–Off Keying
		2.2 Rate Division Time Spread On–Off Keying
		2.3 Symbol Rate Hopping TS-OOK
		2.4 Other Pulse-Based Modulation Schemes
	3 Single Carrier Versus Multicarrier
	4 Channel Coding for Terahertz Nanocommunications
		4.1 Low-Weight Codes
		4.2 Minimum Energy Channel Code
		4.3 Nanonetwork Minimum Energy Code
		4.4 Minimum Energy Coding
		4.5 Low-Weight Channel Code
	5 Non-coherent Terahertz Receivers
	6 Conclusion
	References
Terahertz Antennas – Review and Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of THz Antennas
	3 Primary Terahertz Antennas
	4 Process Technology of Terahertz Antennas
	5 Challenges in Terahertz Antennas
	6 Future Advancement in Terahertz Antennas
	7 Conclusion
	References