Techno-economics and Life Cycle Assessment of Bioreactors: Post-COVID-19 Waste Management Approach

Front Cover
Techno-economics and Life Cycle Assessment of Bioreactors
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Bioreactors: Current status, recent trends and challenges
	1 Impact of COVID-19 on waste and resource management practices
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Types of waste
			1.2.1 Waste generation during COVID-19 pandemic
		1.3 Impact of COVID-19 on waste management
		1.4 The unique challenge with SARS CoV-2 and waste management
			1.4.1 Waste management strategies
		1.5 Policy and regulatory approaches
		1.6 WHO guidelines on waste management
		1.7 Conclusion and future perspective
		References
	2 Aerobic and anaerobic bioreactor systems for wastewater treatment
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Bioreactor and different configurations
		2.3 Continuous stirred tank bioreactor
		2.4 Airlift bioreactors
		2.5 Anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactors
		2.6 Packed bed (fixed bed) bioreactors
		2.7 Membrane bioreactors
		2.8 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
		2.9 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	3 Emerging trends in bioreactor systems for an improved wastes valorization
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 Stirred tank system
			3.1.2 Fluidized-bed reactor
			3.1.3 Fixed bed bioreactor
		3.2 The theory of bioreactor and its geometry
		3.3 Bioreactor development for improved waste valorization
		3.4 Current trends in the bioreactor system
		3.5 Conclusion
		References
	4 Development of bioreactors: current scenario and future challenges
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Stirred tank bioreactors
			4.2.1 Stirred tank bioreactors in waste management
		4.3 Bubble column reactors
			4.3.1 Advances in bubble column bioreactors
				4.3.1.1 Development of miniature bubble column bioreactors
				4.3.1.2 Development of in-situ product recovery technologies
			4.3.2 Bubble column reactor in waste management: recent advances
		4.4 Membrane bioreactors
			4.4.1 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor
			4.4.2 Membrane fouling
		4.5 Some modern types of bioreactors and their applications
			4.5.1 Fixed bed bioreactors
			4.5.2 Integrated membrane and hanging sponge bioreactor
			4.5.3 Disposable bioreactors
			4.5.4 Denitrification bioreactors
		4.6 COVID waste management in the pandemic times
			4.6.1 Membrane bio-reactors in the removal of COVID viral load
		4.7 Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	5 Economic aspects of bioreactors: current trends and future perspective
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Directives of economic analysis
		5.3 Cost analysis
			5.3.1 Capital costs
			5.3.2 Production costs
			5.3.3 Materials and utilities
		5.4 Cost analysis for bioreactors applied for waste management
		5.5 Cost evaluation of submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor for municipal secondary wastewater treatment
		5.6 Monte Carlo cost estimation method for wastewater treatment membrane bioreactors
		5.7 Cost analysis for aerobic fermenters
			5.7.1 Stirred tank reactor and bubble column reactor cost analysis
		5.8 Future perspectives
		References
		Further reading
	6 Landfill management and efficacy of anaerobic reactors in the treatment of landfill leachate
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Advantages of biological treatment over physical and chemical treatment
		6.3 Advantages of anaerobic process over aerobic process
		6.4 Latest development of anaerobic reactors treating landfill leachate
			6.4.1 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor
			6.4.2 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
			6.4.3 Anaerobic fixed bed reactor
			6.4.4 Anaerobic contact reactor
			6.4.5 Anaerobic baffled reactor
			6.4.6 Anaerobic ammonium qxidation (anammox)
		6.5 Combined anaerobic technologies
		6.6 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		Conflict of interest
		References
2 Techno-economic assessment of bioreactors
	7 Technoeconomics and lifecycle assessment of bioreactors: wastewater treatment plant management
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Concepts of techno-economy analyses
		7.3 Methodology of techno-economic analysis
			7.3.1 Static cost–benefit assessment
			7.3.2 Annuity method
			7.3.3 Net cash flow
			7.3.4 Net present value
			7.3.5 Internal rate of return
		7.4 Techno-economic analysis models
		7.5 Techno-economic paradigm
		7.6 Techno-economic innovations
		7.7 Environmental impact assessment
		7.8 Environmental impact assessment methodology
		7.9 Bioreactors, categorization, and sustainable factors
		7.10 Types of bioreactor
			7.10.1 Osmotic membrane bioreactors
			7.10.2 Integrated two-phase fixed-film baffled bioreactor
			7.10.3 High-solid anaerobic membrane bioreactor
			7.10.4 Solar assisted bioreactor
			7.10.5 Anaerobic landfill bioreactors
			7.10.6 Microbial fuel cells
		7.11 Technological impact assessment of bioreactors on WWTP
		7.12 Economical impact assessment of bioreactors on WWTP
		7.13 Challenges in dealing with waste water treatment plant
			7.13.1 Upgraded biocrude-HTL configuration process and theory
		7.14 Feedstock and plant scale
		7.15 Hydrothermal liquefaction
		7.16 Hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase treatment by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction/gasification
		7.17 Sludge hydrothermal liquefaction oil upgrading
		7.18 Conclusion
		7.19 Contribution of authors
		Acknowledgment
		References
	8 Strategies toward sustainable management of organic waste
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Activities for solid waste management
		8.3 Strategies for waste management
			8.3.1 Prevention of waste generation
			8.3.2 Minimization
			8.3.3 Reuse
			8.3.4 Recycling
			8.3.5 Biological treatment
			8.3.6 Incineration
			8.3.7 Landfill disposal
			8.3.8 Sanitary landfill
			8.3.9 Municipal solid waste landfills
			8.3.10 Construction and demolition waste landfills
			8.3.11 Industrial waste landfills
			8.3.12 Hazardous waste landfills
		8.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	9 Application of matrices for the development of next-gen bioreactors from COVID-19 waste management prospects
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Emerging trends in bioreactors with respect to matrix and applications
			9.2.1 Monoclonal antibodies production
				9.2.1.1 High-density cell culture systems
				9.2.1.2 Cryogel bioreactors
				9.2.1.3 Cell tank bioreactors
			9.2.2 Wastewater treatment
			9.2.3 Application of fixed-film microbial reactors for the treatment of effluents
			9.2.4 Abatement of air pollutants
			9.2.5 Matrix design and development for cell cultivation
			9.2.6 Advancement in the development of photobioreactor
			9.2.7 Immobilization and the role of matrices in the improvement of bioreactor function
			9.2.8 Other applications
		9.3 Application of matrices-based bioreactors in COVID-19 waste management
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	10 Sustainable engineering of food waste into high-quality animal feed using a drying technology
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Applied processing for food waste into animal feed
			10.2.1 Drying technology
				10.2.1.1 Conventional fan
			10.2.2 Solar drying
			10.2.3 Oven
		10.3 Results and discussion
			10.3.1 Effectiveness of conventional fan
			10.3.2 Effectiveness of solar drying
			10.3.3 Effectiveness of oven drying
			10.3.4 Improvement of the drying process
			10.3.5 Moisture content
			10.3.6 Analysis of protein content
			10.3.7 Analysis of Escherichia coli
		10.4 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	11 Environmental and economic life cycle assessment of biochar use in anaerobic digestion for biogas production
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Life cycle assessment technology
			11.2.1 Life cycle assessment–based methodology
				11.2.1.1 The goal, scope, and boundaries of the study
				11.2.1.2 Inventory
				11.2.1.3 Environmental impact assessment
				11.2.1.4 Eco-efficiency of bioenergy production
			11.2.2 Life cycle assessment evaluation measures
				11.2.2.1 Functional units
				11.2.2.2 Temporal units
				11.2.2.3 System boundaries
				11.2.2.4 Allocation
			11.2.3 Life cycle cost assessment
		11.3 Life cycle assessment studies in anaerobic digestion for biogas production
		11.4 Challenges for life cycle assessment technology
		11.5 Concluding remarks and recommendations
		11.6 Acknowledgment
		11.7 Declaration of competing interest
		References
	12 Challenges and emerging approaches in life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials usage in anaerobic bioreactor
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Anaerobic digestion process in the bioreactor
			12.2.1 Hydrolysis
			12.2.2 Acidogenesis
			12.2.3 Acetogenesis
			12.2.4 Methanogenesis
		12.3 Engineered nanoparticles in the anaerobic digestion process
			12.3.1 Interaction of nanoparticles in the anaerobic digestion process
			12.3.2 Engineered nanoparticles in bioreactor
		12.4 Challenges and assessment of engineered nanoparticles in bioreactor
			12.4.1 Techno-economic analysis of engineered nanoparticles in the anaerobic digestion process
			12.4.2 Challenges of engineered nanoparticles
		12.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		Declaration of competing interest
		References
Index
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