TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERS basics and applications.

Preface
Contents
Nomenclature
	Roman Symbols
	Greek Symbols
	Subscripts
	Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 How Is This Book Structured?
	1.2 Classification of Thermodynamics
		1.2.1 Technical Thermodynamics
		1.2.2 Statistical Thermodynamics
		1.2.3 Chemical Thermodynamics
	1.3 Distinction Thermodynamics/Heat Transfer
		1.3.1 Thermodynamics
		1.3.2 Heat Transfer
	1.4 History of Thermodynamics
		1.4.1 The Caloric Theory Around 1780
		1.4.2 Thermodynamics as from the 18th Century
		1.4.3 Thermodynamics in the 21st Century
		1.4.4 Modern Automotive Applications
Part I Basics and Ideal Fluids
2 Energy and Work
	2.1 Mechanical Energy
		2.1.1 Kinetic Energy
		2.1.2 Potential Energy
		2.1.3 Spring Energy
	2.2 Thermal Energy—Heat
	2.3 Chemical Energy
	2.4 Changeability of Energy
		2.4.1 Joule's Paddle Wheel
		2.4.2 Internal Energy
3 System and State
	3.1 System
		3.1.1 Classification of Systems
		3.1.2 Permeability of Systems—Open Versus Closed Systems
		3.1.3 Examples for Thermodynamic Systems
	3.2 State of a System
		3.2.1 Thermal State Values
		3.2.2 Caloric State Values
		3.2.3 Outer State Values
		3.2.4 Size of a System
		3.2.5 Extensive, Intensive and Specific State Values
4 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
	4.1 Mechanical Equilibrium
	4.2 Thermal Equilibrium
	4.3 Chemical Equilibrium
	4.4 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
	4.5 Assumptions in Technical Thermodynamics
5 Equations of State
	5.1 Gibbs' Phase Rule
		5.1.1 Single-Component Systems Without Phase Change
		5.1.2 Single-Component Systems with Phase Change
		5.1.3 Multi-Component Systems
	5.2 Explicit Versus Implicit Equations of State
6 Thermal Equation of State
	6.1 Temperature Variations
	6.2 Pressure Variations
	6.3 Ideal Gas Law
7 Changes of State
	7.1 The p,v-Diagram
		7.1.1 Isothermal Change of State
		7.1.2 Isobaric Change of State
		7.1.3 Isochoric Change of State
	7.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics
		7.2.1 Quasi-Static Changes of State
		7.2.2 Requirement for a Quasi-Static Change of State
	7.3 Reversible Versus Irreversible Changes of State
		7.3.1 Mechanical
		7.3.2 Thermal
		7.3.3 Chemical
	7.4 Conventional Thermodynamics
8 Thermodynamic Processes
	8.1 Equilibrium Process
	8.2 Transient State
	8.3 Thermodynamic Cycles
	8.4 Steady State Process
		8.4.1 Open Systems
		8.4.2 Closed Systems
		8.4.3 Cycles
9 Process Values Heat and Work
	9.1 Thermal Energy—Heat
	9.2 Work
		9.2.1 Definition of Work
		9.2.2 Volume Work
		9.2.3 Effective Work
		9.2.4 Systems with Internal Friction—Dissipation
		9.2.5 Dissipation Versus Outer Friction
		9.2.6 Mechanical Work
		9.2.7 Shaft Work
		9.2.8 Shifting Work
		9.2.9 Technical Work Respectively Pressure Work
10 State Value Versus Process Value
	10.1 Total Differential
	10.2 Schwarz's Theorem
11 First Law of Thermodynamics
	11.1 Principle of Equivalence Between Work and Heat
	11.2 Closed Systems
		11.2.1 Systems at Rest
		11.2.2 Systems in Motion
		11.2.3 Partial Energy Equation
	11.3 Open Systems
		11.3.1 Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics  for Open Systems
		11.3.2 Non-steady State Flows
		11.3.3 Steady State Flows
		11.3.4 Partial Energy Equation
12 Caloric Equations of State
	12.1 Specific Internal Energy u and Specific Enthalpy h for Ideal Gases
	12.2 Specific Entropy s as New State Value for Ideal Gases
	12.3 Derivation of the Caloric Equations for Real Fluids
		12.3.1 Specific Internal Energy u
		12.3.2 Specific Enthalpy h
	12.4 Handling of the Caloric State Equations
		12.4.1 Ideal Gases
		12.4.2 Distinction Between cv and cp for Ideal Gases
		12.4.3 Isentropic Exponent
		12.4.4 Temperature Dependent Specific Heat Capacity
		12.4.5 Incompressible Fluids, Solids
		12.4.6 Adiabatic Throttle
13 Meaning and Handling of Entropy
	13.1 Entropy—Clarification
	13.2 Comparison Entropy Balance Versus First Law  of Thermodynamics
	13.3 Energy Conversion—Why Do We Need Entropy?
	13.4 The T,s-Diagram
		13.4.1 Benefit of a New State Diagram
		13.4.2 Physical Laws in a T,s-Diagram for Ideal Gases
	13.5 Adiabatic, Reversible Change of State
	13.6 Polytropic Change of State
	13.7 Entropy Balancing
		13.7.1 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
		13.7.2 Entropy Balance for Open Systems
		13.7.3 Thermodynamic Mean Temperature
		13.7.4 Entropy and Process Evaluation
	13.8 Entropy—Conclusion
14 Transient Processes
	14.1 Mechanical Driven Process
	14.2 Thermal Driven Process
	14.3 Chemical Driven Process
	14.4 Conclusions
15 Second Law of Thermodynamics
	15.1 Formulation According to Planck—Clockwise Cycle Processes
		15.1.1 The Thermal Engine
		15.1.2 Why Clockwise Cycle?
	15.2 Formulation According to Clausius—Counterclockwise Cycle processes
		15.2.1 The Cooling Machine/Heat Pump
		15.2.2 Why Counterclockwise Cycle?
	15.3 The Carnot-Machine
		15.3.1 The Carnot-Machine—Clockwise Cycle
		15.3.2 The Carnot-Machine—Counterclockwise Cycle
16 Exergy
	16.1 Exergy of Heat
		16.1.1 Heat at Constant Temperature
		16.1.2 Heat at Variable Temperature
		16.1.3 Sign of the Exergy of Heat
	16.2 Exergy of Fluid Flows
	16.3 Exergy of Closed Systems
	16.4 Loss of Exergy
		16.4.1 Closed System
		16.4.2 Open System in Steady State Operation
		16.4.3 Thermodynamic Cycles
	16.5 Sankey-Diagram
		16.5.1 Open System
		16.5.2 Heat Transfer
17 Components and Thermodynamic Cycles
	17.1 Components
		17.1.1 Turbine
		17.1.2 Compressor
		17.1.3 Thermal Turbomachines in a h,s-Diagram
		17.1.4 Adiabatic Throttle
		17.1.5 Heat Exchanger
	17.2 Thermodynamic Cycles
		17.2.1 Carnot Process
		17.2.2 Joule Process
		17.2.3 Clausius Rankine Process
		17.2.4 Seiliger Process
		17.2.5 Stirling Process
		17.2.6 Compression Heat Pump
		17.2.7 Process Overview
Part II Real Fluids and Mixtures
18 Single-Component Fluids
	18.1 Ideal Gas Versus Real Fluids
	18.2 Phase Change Real Fluids
		18.2.1 Example: Isobaric Vaporisation
		18.2.2 The p,v,T-state Space
		18.2.3 p,T-Diagram
		18.2.4 T,v-Diagram
		18.2.5 p,v-Diagram
		18.2.6 State Description Within the Wet Steam Region
	18.3 State Values of Real Fluids
		18.3.1 Van der Waals Equation of State
		18.3.2 Redlich-Kwong
		18.3.3 Peng-Robinson
		18.3.4 Berthelot
		18.3.5 Dieterici
		18.3.6 Virial Equations
		18.3.7 Steam Tables
	18.4 Energetic Consideration
		18.4.1 Reversibility of Vaporisation
		18.4.2 Heat of Vaporisation
		18.4.3 Caloric State Diagrams
		18.4.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Relation
	18.5 Adiabatic Throttling—Joule-Thomson Effect
		18.5.1 Ideal Gas
		18.5.2 Real Gas
19 Mixture of Ideal Gases
	19.1 Concentration Specifications
	19.2 Dalton's Law
	19.3 Laws of Mixing
		19.3.1 Concentration, Thermal State Values
		19.3.2 Internal Energy, Enthalpy
		19.3.3 Adiabatic Mixing Temperature
		19.3.4 Irreversibility of Mixing
20 Humid Air
	20.1 Thermodynamic State
		20.1.1 Concentration
		20.1.2 Aggregate State of the Water
		20.1.3 Distinction Between Vaporisation and Evaporation
		20.1.4 Unsaturated Versus Saturated Air
	20.2 Specific State Values
		20.2.1 Thermal State Values
		20.2.2 Caloric State Values
		20.2.3 Specific Enthalpy h1+x
		20.2.4 Specific Entropy s1+x
		20.2.5 Overview Possible Cases
	20.3 The h1+x,x-diagram According to Mollier
	20.4 Changes of State for Humid Air
		20.4.1 Heating and Cooling at Constant Water Content
		20.4.2 Dehumidification
		20.4.3 Adiabatic Mixing of Humid Air
		20.4.4 Humidification of Air
		20.4.5 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature
		20.4.6 The h1+x,x-Diagram for Varying Total Pressure
21 Steady State Flow Processes
	21.1 Incompressible Flows
	21.2 Adiabatic Flows
		21.2.1 Adiabatic Diffusor
		21.2.2 Adiabatic Nozzle
	21.3 Velocity of Sound
	21.4 Fanno Correlation
	21.5 Rayleigh Correlation
	21.6 Normal Shock
	21.7 Supersonic Flows
		21.7.1 Flow of a Converging Nozzle
		21.7.2 Laval-Nozzle
22 Thermodynamic Cycles with Phase Change
	22.1 Steam Power Process
		22.1.1 Clausius–Rankine Process
		22.1.2 Steam Power Plant
	22.2 Heat Pump and Cooling Machine
		22.2.1 Mechanical Compression
		22.2.2 Thermal Compression
Part III Reactive Systems
23 Combustion Processes
	23.1 Fossil Fuels
	23.2 Fuel Composition
		23.2.1 Solid Fuels
		23.2.2 Liquid Fuels
		23.2.3 Gaseous Fuels
	23.3 Stoichiometry
		23.3.1 Solid/Liquid Fuels
		23.3.2 Gaseous Fuels
		23.3.3 Mass Conservation
		23.3.4 Conversions
		23.3.5 Setting Up a Chemical Equation
		23.3.6 Dew Point of the Exhaust Gas
	23.4 Energetic Balancing
		23.4.1 Lower Heating Value
		23.4.2 Conceptual 3-Steps Combustion
		23.4.3 Higher Heating Value
		23.4.4 Combustion Calculation Component by Component
		23.4.5 Molar and Volume Specific Lower/Higher Heating Value
		23.4.6 Combustion Temperature
	23.5 Combustion Chamber
		23.5.1 Efficiency
		23.5.2 Operation
24 Chemical Reactions
	24.1 Mass Balance
	24.2 Energy Balance
		24.2.1 Caloric Equations of State
		24.2.2 Open Systems
		24.2.3 Closed Systems
	24.3 Gibbs Energy
		24.3.1 Definition
		24.3.2 Molar Gibbs Energy
		24.3.3 Motivation
	24.4 Chemical Potential
		24.4.1 Multi-Component Systems
		24.4.2 Chemical Reactions
	24.5 Exergy of a Fossil Fuel
Appendix A Steam Table (Water) According to IAPWS
Appendix B Selected Absolute Molar Specific Enthalpies/Entropies
Appendix C Caloric State Diagrams
C.1  Water
C.2  Refrigerants
Appendix D The h1+x,x-Diagram
Appendix E Formulary
Appendix  References
Index