Taxi! Urban Economies and the Social and Transport Impacts of the Taxicab (Transport and Society)

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 12
About the Authors......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 18
1.1 Historical Development......Page 20
1.2 From Horses to Motorized Vehicles......Page 22
1.3 Market Form......Page 25
1.3.1 Taxi Ranks......Page 26
1.3.3 Dispatched Taxis......Page 28
1.3.5 Shared Jitney and Taxibus......Page 29
1.4 The Taxi Company......Page 30
1.5 How do Historical Developments Inform Current Operations?......Page 32
2.1 Why Regulate Taxis?......Page 34
2.2 Early Regulations......Page 36
2.2.1 State Regulation......Page 37
2.3 Transport Deregulation......Page 38
2.3.2 Other Cities......Page 39
2.3.3 Denver, Colorado......Page 40
2.3.4 Classical Transport Theory......Page 41
2.3.5 Theory of the Firm vs. Individual Behaviour......Page 42
2.4.1 Hillsborough County......Page 43
2.4.2 Common vs. Contract Carriage......Page 45
2.4.3 Competitive Rate Making......Page 46
2.4.4 Short Trip Competitive Advantage......Page 47
2.5 Glasgow, UK......Page 48
2.8 Black Car Services......Page 49
3.1 Forms of Taxi Analysis......Page 52
3.2 What is a Taxi Model?......Page 53
3.3 Recent Developments in Taxi Analysis......Page 54
3.4.1 Quality Control......Page 55
3.4.2 Quantity Controls......Page 57
3.4.3 Economic Regulation......Page 59
3.5.1 Quantity Models, Satisfying Demand......Page 60
3.5.2 Taxi at Stance Models......Page 65
3.5.3 Analysis Across Regulatory Domains......Page 74
3.6 Economic Regulation: Taxi Cost Models......Page 75
3.6.1 Defining the Taxi Tariff......Page 76
3.6.2 Tariff Models......Page 77
3.7 Accessible Vehicle Models......Page 79
3.7.1 Model of Proportional Demand (MPD)......Page 80
3.8 Taxi Models, Links and Enhancements......Page 82
4.1 Common Approaches......Page 84
4.1.2 Taxi Costs (Tariff/Cost Models)......Page 85
4.1.3 Quality Models......Page 87
4.2 Taxi Analysis in the USA......Page 88
4.2.1 US Frameworks for Comparison......Page 89
4.2.2 Demand Analysis......Page 90
4.2.3 Regression Analysis......Page 91
4.2.4 Analysis by Actual Data......Page 94
4.2.5 Data Presentation......Page 96
4.2.7 Trip and Wait Durations......Page 97
4.2.8 Concentration of Pick-ups......Page 99
4.2.9 Cost Analysis......Page 102
4.3 Worldwide Experiences......Page 103
4.3.2 Sweden......Page 104
4.4 Potential development of new modelling......Page 105
5.1 Development of technologies......Page 108
5.2 Dispatch Systems......Page 112
5.2.1 Experiences in the US......Page 113
5.2.2 European Experience in Dispatch Systems......Page 118
5.3 Data Utilization by Taxi Regulators......Page 120
5.4 Implications for Taxi Regulators......Page 124
5.5 Conclusion......Page 125
6.1 What is the Night-time Economy?......Page 126
6.2 The Role of Transport in the Night-time Economy......Page 127
6.2.1 Daytime City......Page 128
6.2.3 Activities in the Night-time Economy......Page 129
6.3 Potential for Conflict in the NTE......Page 130
6.3.1 Personal Interactions in the NTE......Page 131
6.3.2 Policy Conflicts Within the NTE......Page 132
6.4 Night-time Issues in the Use of Taxis......Page 133
6.4.1 Catering for Peaked Night-time Demand......Page 134
6.4.3 Personal Safety......Page 135
6.5.1 Increasing Night-time Taxi Supply......Page 136
6.5.2 Night-time Taxi Zones......Page 137
6.6 Conclusions: Night-time City Use, Transport and Taxis......Page 138
Introduction: The Early Years......Page 140
7.1.1 Open Airport......Page 142
7.1.2 Limited Entry......Page 146
7.1.3 Single Taxi Concessionaire......Page 147
7.1.4 LAX Taxi Dispatch and Curb Procedures......Page 149
7.2 Conclusions......Page 156
8.1 What do we Mean by Specialist Transport Services?......Page 158
8.2 The Development of Flexible Transport Services......Page 162
8.3 Multiple Service Provision and the Agency Approach to Flexible Transport Services......Page 164
8.4.1 Specifications for Service Type......Page 165
8.4.2 Registering an STS......Page 167
8.5 Discussion: The Role of the Taxi in Specialist Transport......Page 168
9.1.1 Shared Taxis......Page 170
9.1.2 Taxibus Services......Page 171
9.1.3 Other Paratransit......Page 172
9.2 Combined Carriage of Passengers and Goods......Page 173
9.3 The Taxi/Community Transport Interface......Page 175
9.3.1 Case Study 1: Rural Wheels, Cumbria, England......Page 176
9.3.2	Case Study 2: Taxibus, Black Taxi Services, Belfast, Northern Ireland......Page 178
9.4 Conclusion......Page 181
10.1 Legislative Requirements......Page 182
10.2 Operating Practices......Page 183
10.2.1 Issues Specific to the Night-time Economy......Page 184
10.3 Business Structure......Page 185
10.3.1 Alternative Structures – The Agency Approach......Page 186
10.4 Conclusions......Page 189
11.1 A Historical Perspective and Current Supply......Page 192
11.2 To Regulate or Not to Regulate......Page 193
11.3 Analytical Tools......Page 194
11.5 Future......Page 195
References......Page 198
Index......Page 202