Tailor-Made Polysaccharides in Drug Delivery

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Tailor-Made Polysaccharides in Drug Delivery
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Chapter 1 Synthesis of tailor-made polysaccharides: An overview
	1  Introduction
	2  Syntheses of tailor-made polysaccharides
		2.1  Oxidation
		2.2  Phosphorylation
		2.3  Sulfation
		2.4  Thiolation
		2.5  Amidation
		2.6  Esterification
		2.7  Carboxymethylation
		2.8  Carbamoylethylation
		2.9  Cross-linking
			2.9.1 Cross-linking by metallic cations
			2.9.2 Cross-linking by glutaraldehyde
			2.9.3 Cross-linking by epichlorohydrin
			2.9.4 Cross-linking by genipin
			2.9.5 Phosphate cross-linking
		2.10  Graft copolymerization
	3  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Drug delivery dosage forms made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	1  Introduction
	2  Tablets made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	3  Nanoparticles made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	4  Microparticles made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	5  Beads made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	6  Hydrogels made of tailor-made natural polysaccharides
	7  Miscellaneous
	8  Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter 3 Carboxymethylated polysaccharides in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Carboxymethylation process
	3  Carboxymethyl polysaccharides in drug delivery
		3.1  Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
		3.2  Carboxymethyl chitosan/chitin (CMCS/CMCN)
		3.3  Other kinds of polysaccharides
	4  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Thiolated polysaccharides in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Various thiolated polysaccharides used in drug delivery formulations
		2.1  Thiolated chitosan
		2.2  Thiolated sodium alginate
		2.3  Thiolated pectin
		2.4  Thiolated xanthan gum
		2.5  Thiolated xyloglucan
		2.6  Thiolated karaya gum
		2.7  Thiolated tamarind seed polysaccharide
		2.8  Thiolated psyllium husk mucilage and arabinoxylan
		2.9  Thiolated moringa gum
	3  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Cross-linked polysaccharides in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Cross-linking of and the cross-linked polysaccharides
	3  Cross-linked polysaccharides applied in DDSs
		3.1  Chitosan
		3.2  Alginate
		3.3  Cellulose
	4  Smart cross-linking strategies
	5  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Graft copolymers of polysaccharides: Synthesis techniques and pharmaceutical applications
	1  Introduction
	2  Polysaccharides
	3  Graft copolymers and different techniques of polymer grafting
		3.1  Chemical grafting
		3.2  Grafting through living polymerization
		3.3  Photochemical grafting
		3.4  Enzymatic grafting
		3.5  Plasma radiation-induced grafting
		3.6  Radiation grafting
	4  Properties of graft copolymers
	5  Pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide graft copolymers
	6  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Grafted polysaccharides in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Polysaccharide-based graft copolymers
	3  Grafted polysaccharides in DDSs
		3.1  Grafted chitosan
		3.2  Grafted hyaluronic acid
		3.3  Other grafted polysaccharides
	4  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complex systems in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  What is a polyelectrolyte complex?
	3  Advantages of PECs
	4  Factors affecting the formation and stability of PECs
	5  Polysaccharides used to fabricate polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs)
		5.1  Chitosan
		5.2  Sodium alginate
		5.3  Hyaluronic acid (HA)
		5.4  Pectin
		5.5  Xanthan gum
		5.6  Carrageenan
		5.7  Gellan gum
		5.8  Gum acacia/gum arabic
		5.9  Cashew gum
		5.10  Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
		5.11  Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan
		5.12  Gum kondagogu
		5.13  Gum ghatti
	6  Various dosage forms fabricated by polyelectrolyte complexation
		6.1  PEC-based hydrogel beads
		6.2  PEC-based microparticles
		6.3  PEC-based nanoparticles
		6.4  PEC-based films/membranes
		6.5  PEC-based foams/cryogels
	7  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Polysaccharide-based interpenetrating polymeric network systems in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  IPNs: Definition, properties, and classifications
	3  Chitosan-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	4  Alginate-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	5  Pectin-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	6  Gellan gum-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	7  Locust bean gum-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	8  Xanthan gum-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	9  Carrageenan-based IPN systems in drug delivery
	10  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Polysaccharide nanoconjugates in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Polysaccharide nanoconjugates
	3  Advantages of polysaccharide nanoconjugates in drug delivery
	4  Polysaccharide used for nanoconjugation
		4.1  Chitosan
		4.2  Pectin
		4.3  Dextran
		4.4  Cyclodextrins
		4.5  Hyaluronic acid
		4.6  Pullan
		4.7  Chondroitin sulfate
		4.8  Heparin
	5  Recent progress
	6  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Functionalized chitosan in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Functionalized chitosan derivatives as drug delivery systems
	3  Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 Modified alginates in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Alginate biopolymer
		2.1  Chemistry of alginates
		2.2  Extraction of alginate from natural origin
	3  Physicochemical heterogeneity toward drug delivery
		3.1  Molecular weight
		3.2  Solubility
		3.3  Viscosity
		3.4  Stability
		3.5  Gelation
		3.6  Degradation
	4  Biological synergistic attributes toward drug delivery
		4.1  Bioadhesion
		4.2  Biocompatibility
		4.3  Immunogenicity
	5  Modification of alginate
		5.1  Physical cross-linking modification
			5.1.1 Ionic cross-linking
			5.1.2 Covalent cross-link
			5.1.3 Enzymatic epimerization
			5.1.4 Photo-cross-linking of alginates
			5.1.5 Cell cross-linking
		5.2  Chemical modification
			5.2.1 The chemical modification of alginate hydroxyl groups
				Oxidation
				Reductive amination
				Sulfation
				Copolymerization
				Acetylation
				Phosphorylation
			5.2.2 Modification of the carboxyl groups
				Ugi reaction
				Esterification
				Amidation
				Some other alginates modifications useful for drug delivery
					Alginate coupling with amino acids or peptides
					Grafting
	6  Application of modified alginate in drug delivery
		6.1  Pharmaceutical drug delivery
			6.1.1 Films
			6.1.2 Beads
			6.1.3 Hydrophobically modified alginate for drug delivery systems
		6.2  Pharmaceutical biomolecule delivery
		6.3  Drug delivery through transplantation of cells
	7  Concluding remarks
	8  Future directions
	References
Chapter 13 Uses of tailor-made plant starches in drug delivery
	1  Introduction
	2  Starch: Basic chemistry and properties
	3  Plant-derived starches as pharmaceutical excipients in drug delivery
	4  Synthesis of tailor-made plant starches and their uses in drug delivery
		4.1  Oxidation
		4.2  Esterification
		4.3  Etherification
		4.4  Cross-linking
		4.5  Grafting
	5  Clinical potential of tailor-made starches
	6  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Cancer targeting by tailor-made polysaccharides
	1  Introduction
	2  Polysaccharides and their importance
	3  Tailor-made chitosan-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	4  Tailor-made hyaluronic acid-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	5  Tailor-made pectin-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	6  Tailor-made heparin-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	7  Tailor-made dextran-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	8  Tailor-made chondroitin sulfate-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	9  Tailor-made cyclodextrin-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	10  Tailor-made pullulan-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	11  Tailor-made alginate-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	12  Tailor-made amylose-based systems for cancer-targeting applications
	13  Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Delivery of genes and growth factors using tailor-made polysaccharides
	1  Introduction
	2  Polysaccharides
		2.1  Chitosan
		2.2  Dextran
		2.3  Cellulose
		2.4  Alginates
		2.5  Hyaluronic acid
		2.6  Fucoidan
		2.7  Cyclodextrin
		2.8  Pullulan
		2.9  Arabinogalactan
	3  Gene therapy and applications of tailor-made polysaccharides for gene delivery
	4  Growth factors and applications of tailor-made polysaccharides for growth delivery
	5  Conclusion
	References
Index
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