T&T Clark Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls

Cover page
Halftitle page
Dedication
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Illustrations
Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part One Background
	1 Discoveries
		A Handful of Manuscripts from a Deserted Cave
		An Eventful Week and Its Long-Lasting Consequences
		Further Explorations and Successes in the Desert
		A New Player in Town
		Scattered Announcements of Hitherto Unknown Fragments
		Bibliography
	2 Archaeology of Qumran
		The Archaeological Remains at Qumran
		Chronologies in Contention
		The Relationship between the Settlement of Qumran and the Scrolls
		Conflicting Interpretations of the Archaeology of Qumran
		On the Relationship between Text and Artefact
		The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls
		Bibliography
	3 The Manuscript Collections: An Overview
		Introduction
		Qumran
		Some of the Other Manuscript Finds
		Bibliography
	4 Acquisition and Publication
		Discovery, Identification and Acquisition
		Managing the Market
		The First Phase of Publications
		Further Discoveries
		After 1967
		Conserving the Scrolls
		The Significance of the Scrolls
		Bibliography
	5 Scholarly and Popular Reception
		Introduction
		The Popularization of the Scrolls
		Copyright, Ownership and ‘the Curse of the Scrolls’
		Academic and Scholarly Impact
		Popular and Cultural Impact
		Education and Knowledge Transfer
		Conclusions
		Bibliography
Part Two Context
	6 Ethnicity: A Fresh Religious Context for the Scrolls
		A Brief History of Scholarship
		Ethnicity, not Religion
		Characterizing the People of the Scrolls as an Ethnic (Sub) Group
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	7 The Yahad in the Context of Hellenistic Group Formation
		‘Those Who Freely Volunteer’
		Hellenistic Voluntary Associations
		What (and Why) to Compare?
		Associations, Private Cult and State Religion
		Bibliography
	8 The Regional Context of the Dead Sea
		The Iron Age
		The Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods
		Archaeology of the Dead Sea Region
		Burials
		Communications
		Water
		Bibliography
	9 Qumran and the Ancient Near East
		Scribal Craft in the Visions of Levi
		Enochic Astronomy and Babylonian Celestial Knowledge
		The Myth of the Fallen Watchers and its Late Babylonian Social Context
		Additional Lunar Data and Babylonian ‘Lunar Three’ Measurements
		Astrology and Physiognomy
		Qumran Dualism and its Origins
		Bibliography
	10 Scrolls and Early Judaism
		Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek
		Pluralism amongst Elites
		Scribal Practices and the Transmission of Texts
		The Torah and Daily Life
		Prophecy, History and the Present
		Prayer and Worship
		Study
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	11 Scrolls and Early Christianity
		Introduction
		The Scrolls and Methodological Debates on the Jewish Origins of Christianity
		Bible and Biblical Interpretation in the Scrolls and the New Testament
		The Scrolls and the Language of the New Testament
		Literary Traditions in the Scrolls and the Formation of New Testament Texts
		Religious Beliefs in the Scrolls and Early Christianity
		Bibliography
	12 Scrolls and Hellenistic Jewish Literature:
		Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit (Every Good Person Is Free)
		The Hypothetica
		Bibliography
		b. Josephus
		Josephus’ Source Material
		Josephus’ Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls
		Bibliography
		c. Other Literature
		Bibliography
	13 Scrolls and Non-Jewish Hellenistic Literature
		Associations and Philosopher Communities
		The Hellenistic view of Zoroastrianism
		Philosophy
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part Three Methods
	14 Physicality of Manuscripts and Material Culture
		Materials
		Bibliography
	15 Scientific Technologies
		Technologies
		Bibliography
	16 Reading and Reconstructing Manuscripts
		Bibliography
	17 Languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek
		Hebrew
		Aramaic
		Greek
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	18 Biblical Scholarship and Qumran Studies
		Introduction
		The Biblical Text
		Rewritten Bible
		Biblical Law and Sectarian Rules
		Biblical Commentaries
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	19 The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Study of the Ancient World
		Scrolls Study since the mid-1990s
		The Concept of ‘Antiquity’
		The Scrolls and the Ancient World
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	20 Historiography
		History and Historiography
		Calendrical and Annalistic Texts
		Historical Reviews in the Damascus Document
		Historiography and the ‘Teacher’
		History and Memory
		Bibliography
	21 Social Scientific Approaches
		The Weberian Sociological Tradition
		Way Forward
		Bibliography
		b. Sociolinguistics
		Bibliography
		c. Identity Theory
		Bibliography
	22 Postmodern Questions and Sexuality Studies
		Sex, Gender, and Boundaries on Scrolls Discourse
		Intimacy and Group Stability in the 1QS Penal Code
		Inclusions and Exclusions
		Conclusions
		Bibliography
Part Four Key Texts
	23 Aramaic Job
		Bibliography
	24 Aramaic Levi
		Bibliography
	25 Authoritative Scriptures: Torah and Related Texts
		Bibliography
	26 Authoritative Scriptures: Prophets and Related Texts
		Bibliography
	27 Authoritative Scriptures: Writings and Related Texts
		Bibliography
	28 Authoritative Scriptures: Other Texts
		Case Study: Enochic Booklets
		Case Study: Tobit
		Bibliography
	29 Barkhi Nafshi
		Bibliography
	30 Bar Kokhba Letters
		Bibliography
	31 Beatitudes
		Bibliography
	32 Berakhot
		Bibliography
	33 Commentaries on Genesis (4Q252–254)
		Bibliography
	34 Copper Scroll
		Bibliography
	35 Damascus Document (D)
		Bibliography
	36 Genesis Apocryphon
		Bibliography
	37 Hodayot (H)
		Bibliography
	38 Instruction
		Bibliography
	39 Messianic Apocalypse
		Bibliography
	40 Mil h. amah (M)
		Bibliography
	41 Miqsat Maʿaśeh ha-Torah (MMT)
		Bibliography
	42 Mysteries
		Bibliography
	43 New Jerusalem
		Genre
		Narrator
		Language and Manuscript Evidence
		Significance
		Bibliography
	44 Pesharim
		Structure and Organization
		History and Polemic
		Theology and Worldview
		Bibliography
	45 Rule of Blessings (Sb)
		Bibliography
	46 Rule of the Congregation (Sa)
		Bibliography
	47 Serekh ha-Yahad (S)
		Bibliography
	48 Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice
		Bibliography
	49 Son of God Text
		Bibliography
	50 Tan h. umim
		Bibliography
	51 Temple Scroll
		Bibliography
	52 Testimonia
		Bibliography
	53 Wiles of the Wicked Woman
		Bibliography
	54 Words of the Luminaries
		Bibliography
Part Five Types of Literature
	55 Bible
		Authoritative Writings among the Dead Sea Scrolls
		Problematic Manuscript Statistics
		Influence of Traditions
		Changes in Societal Discourse
		Bibliography
	56 Parabiblical Texts/Rewritten Scripture
		A New Understanding of ‘Scripture’
		Dependence on Earlier Scripture
		Terminology
		Future Directions
		Bibliography
	57 Exegesis and Interpretation
		Reuse of Biblical Idioms and Expressions
		Classification of Biblical Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	58 Halakhah
		Halakhic Works Found at Qumran
		Sectarian Halakhah and the Bible
		Legal Exegesis at Qumran
		Qumran Halakhah and Rabbinic Halakhah
		Bibliography
	59 Rules
		Introduction
		The Scholarly Discourse on Rules
		Rule Texts as a Customary Label for Entire Compositions
		Rules as Independent Compositions that Have Been Incorporated into a Larger Manuscript
		Serekh Terminology in the Primary Sources
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	60 Poetry and Hymns
		Poetical Genres
		Stylistic Devices
		Why Are Texts Written in Poetry?
		Bibliography
	61 Liturgical Texts
		Calendrical Rites
		Rituals for Alleviating Affliction
		Rites of Passage
		Feasts and Fasts
		Political Rituals
		Rites of Exchange and Communion
		Features of Liturgical Texts
		Significance of Liturgical Texts
		Bibliography
	62 Calendars
		Introduction
		The Calendar Hypothesis of Annie Jaubert
		Talmon’s Initial Hypothesis
		Overview of the Qumran Calendrical Texts
		Hebrew Liturgical Texts Associated with the Calendar
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	63 Wisdom
		What Is Wisdom?
		What Is Wisdom Literature?
		Bibliography
	64 Mystical Texts, Magic, and Divination
		Mysticism
		Magic
		Divination
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part Six Issues and Topics
	65 Patriarchs and Aramaic Traditions
		Who Are the Patriarchs?
		Where Are the Patriarchs?
		Collective Portraits of the Patriarchs
		Patriarchs as a Group
		Bibliography
	66 Revelation
		What Constitutes Revelation at Qumran?
		Figure
		Interpretation and Prayer
		Location
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	67 God(s), Angels and Demons
		Bibliography
	68 Eschatologies and Messianisms
		Eschatologies
		Messianisms
		Bibliography
	69 Jerusalem and the Temple
		Introduction
		Jerusalem as a Locus of the Temple Cult
		Temple and Jerusalem as Representations
		Separation and Identity
		Bibliography
	70 Purity and Holiness
		Impurity in Israelite Religion
		Purity Concerns in the Dead Sea Scrolls and at Qumran
		Ritual and Moral Impurity
		Impurities and Purifications
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	71 The Scribes of the Scrolls
		The Different Meanings of ‘Scribe’
		Scribal Figures in Literature
		Scribal Exemplars
		Scribal Functions within the Dead Sea Scrolls Communities
		Writers of Manuscripts
		Scribal Practices
		The Hypothesis of a ‘Qumran Scribal Practice’
		Palaeography and Scribes
		Schools and Education
		Bibliography
	72 Forms of Community
		How to Identify the Yahad?
		An Emic Perspective
		Mapping Communities: Shared Discourse
		The Rule Texts
		The Language of Leadership and Organization
		The Many Versus the Zadokites
		Mapping Textual Communities: Shared Texts
		Multiple Communities
		An Elite Group in the Yahad?
		Shared Praxis: The Penal Codes
		The Classical Histories and the Life of the Essenes
		Qumran: Site of Discovery
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	73 Daily Life
		Marriage and Celibacy
		The Cemetery
		Marital Regulations
		Daily Life
		Meals
		Bibliography
	74 Ethics and Dualisms
		Defining ‘Ethics’ and ‘Dualism’
		Dualisms in the Scrolls
		Ethics in the Scrolls
		Bibliography
	75 War and Violence
		Contextualizing War and Violence in the Dead Sea Scrolls
		Present-time War and Violence
		Eschatological War and Violence
		Conclusions
		Bibliography
Appendix A: Timeline of Events
Appendix B: Principal Printed Editions
Appendix C: Electronic Resources
Appendix D: Major Reference Works
Appendix E: Translations
Appendix F: Introductory Works
Index of Ancient Sources
Index of Modern Authors
Subject Index