Systems Research I: Essays in Honor of Yasuhiko Takahara on Systems Theory and Modeling (Translational Systems Sciences, 26)

Preface
Contents
Part I General Systems Theory
	1 Mesarovic-Takahara Time Systems Under the Effect of Feedback Mechanism
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Basic Concepts
			1.2.1 The Underlying Concepts
			1.2.2 How the Feedback Mechanism Functions in an Economy: An Example
		1.3 Properties of MT Time Systems
			1.3.1 Linear Time Systems That Are Strongly Stationary
			1.3.2 Linear Time Systems That Are Precausal or Causal
			1.3.3 Time-Invariable Realization
			1.3.4 Chaos and Attractor Under the Effect of Feedback Mechanism
		1.4 When Government Economic Policies Become Effective: An Application
			1.4.1 The Importance of the Government
			1.4.2 When Government Economic Policies Actually Work
		1.5 A Few Final Words
		References
	2 Generalization of Law of Requisite Variety
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Goal Seeking System and Environment
		2.3 Internal Model Principal and Anticipative Decision Making
		2.4 Subjective Varieties of Environment and System
		2.5 Balance of External and Internal Variety
		2.6 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	3 Isomorphy of Subsystem and Component Subsystem of Input–Output System
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Mathematical Preliminaries
		3.3 Normal Subalgebras
		3.4 Application for Input–Output Systems
		3.5 Conclusions
		Appendix: Proofs
		References
	4 Meta-Analysis of Inter-theoretical Relations: Reduction, Realization, and Micro-Macro Relations of Systems
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Why and How Inter-theoretical Relations
			4.1.2 Philosophical Issues of Inter-theoretical Relation
		4.2 Inter-theoretical Relations Based on Indefinite Designators in Set Theory
			4.2.1 Indefinite Designators
			4.2.2 Language of Set Theory
		4.3 Problems of IS Relations in Inter-theoretical Relations
		4.4 Inter-theoretical Relations Based on Set Theory
			4.4.1 Indefinite Designators and Theories over the Set Theory
			4.4.2 Interpretation of Theories
			4.4.3 Extensions by Definition of Theories
			4.4.4 Interpretation Between Theories
			4.4.5 Valid Interpretation Between Theories
			4.4.6 Adjoint Extension of Theories
			4.4.7 Abstract Inference, Concrete Inference, Inner Theoretical Inference
			4.4.8 Pullback of Concepts and Inter-theoretical Equivalence
		4.5 Two Dogmas of Reductionism
			4.5.1 Two Dogmas of Empiricism and Semantic Holism
			4.5.2 Reduction from Macro Theory to Micro Theory
			4.5.3 Two Dogmas of Reductionism: Emergence and Reduction
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	5 Beyond Logical Approach to Systems Theory
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 General Systems
		5.3 Logical Approach to Systems Theory: LAST
			5.3.1 Basic Concepts of LAST
			5.3.2 System Model
				5.3.2.1 Definition of System Model
				5.3.2.2 Language for Describing Systems Properties
			5.3.3 Structure
			5.3.4 Morphism
				5.3.4.1 Morphisms for Models of the Same Type
				5.3.4.2 Morphisms for Models of Different Types
				5.3.4.3 Application of F-Morphisms
		5.4 Structure and Adaptation
			5.4.1 Implications of Gödel\'s Incompleteness Theorem for Structural Change
			5.4.2 Adaptation in Social System: Agent-Based Organizational Cybernetics
			5.4.3 Components of Organizational Learning
		5.5 Basis of Agent-Based Organizational Cybernetics
			5.5.1 Hierarchical Organization Model in AOC
			5.5.2 Situated Agent Model in AOC as Autonomous Decision-Maker
			5.5.3 Typical Internal Models
		5.6 Conclusion: Beyond LAST
		References
	6 Logical and Algebraic Structure of ``Calculus of Indication\'\': The Significance and Circumstance
		6.1 Overview of the Subjects and Discussions
		6.2 Reviewing G.Spencer Brown\'s Theme
			6.2.1 Brief Introduction of G.Spencer Brown\'s Framework
			6.2.2 Direction
		6.3 Story 1: Reconstruction of Primary Algebra As a Logical System
			6.3.1 Definitions
			6.3.2 Formal Results
			6.3.3 Meta-Theorems: Soundness, Consistency, and Completeness
			6.3.4 Reformation of Propositional Calculus
			6.3.5 A ``Natural\'\' Mapping from PA to PC*
			6.3.6 Main Statements and Implications
				6.3.6.1 Theorems
				6.3.6.2 Implications
		6.4 Story 2: Reformation of Brownian Algebra as an Algebraic System
			6.4.1 Basic Notions
			6.4.2 Formalizing Primary Algebra and Brownian Algebra
			6.4.3 PA and Boolean Algebra
			6.4.4 BA and Distributive Lattice
		6.5 Conclusion: Implications
		References
Part II Systems Modeling
	7 Mutual Learning Process Model in Soft Game Perspective
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Four Stages of Mutual Learning
			7.2.1 Isolated Stage
			7.2.2 Mutual Interpretation Stage
			7.2.3 Value Sharing Stage
			7.2.4 Complete Mutual Understanding Stage
			7.2.5 State Transitions
		7.3 MLPM: Mutual Learning Process Model
			7.3.1 Noncooperative Game
			7.3.2 Simple Hypergame
			7.3.3 Symbiotic Hypergame
			7.3.4 Hypergame Sharing the Same Value System
		7.4 Application of MLPM to the Gulf War
			7.4.1 Simple Hypergame Analysis
			7.4.2 Symbiotic Hypergame Analysis
			7.4.3 What-if Analysis
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	8 Model Theory Approach for Simulation: Improvements of Model Description Language and Integration of Development Environments
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Model Theory Approach
		8.3 Background Theory and Simulation Development
		8.4 Model Description Language CAST
			8.4.1 Description of Many Items
			8.4.2 “Read and Write” of Spreadsheet
			8.4.3 High-Speed Execution of Many-Element Systems
		8.5 Development-Execution Environment (New MTA-SDK)
			8.5.1 Integration of Development-Execution Environment
			8.5.2 Distribution of Development-Execution Environment
		8.6 Publication of Practical Examples
			8.6.1 Price Adjustment System
			8.6.2 Two-Body Dynamical System
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
	9 Declarative Modeling for Multimodal Processes Driven Distribution Networks
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Concurrent Discrete Processes
			9.2.1 Systems of Concurrently Flowing Cyclic Processes
				9.2.1.1 Deadlock-Freeness
				9.2.1.2 Mesh-Like Network Structures
			9.2.2 Multimodal Processes
				9.2.2.1 Distribution Networks
				9.2.2.2 Flow Schedules
		9.3 Performance Modeling
			9.3.1 Declarative Modeling
				9.3.1.1 Constraints Satisfaction Problem
				9.3.1.2 States Space
				9.3.1.3 Periodicity Conditions
				9.3.1.4 Deadlock Prevention Conditions
				9.3.1.5 Cyclic Scheduling
		9.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	10 A General Method for Designing General Systems
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Formalization of System Concept
			10.2.1 General Systems
			10.2.2 Input-Output System
			10.2.3 Purpose Expression System
			10.2.4 Procedure Expression System
			10.2.5 Catalyst Expression System
		10.3 System Design Process
		10.4 Significance of System Concept Clarification
			10.4.1 System to Be Designed
			10.4.2 Significance of Purpose Expression System
			10.4.3 Significance of Catalyst Expression System
			10.4.4 Interpretation of the Opening Problem
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
	11 Modeling Complex Systems and Their Validation—General System Theoretical Approach
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Information Systems Research (ISR) and Simulation
		11.3 Social Simulation Research with an Agent-Based Approach
		11.4 Role of Simulation Models in Agent-Based Approach
			11.4.1 Empirical Validity
			11.4.2 Constructive Validity
			11.4.3 Intersubjective Dialogue via Models
			11.4.4 Mixed Validity
		11.5 Conclusion
		References