Systems Analysis and Design Global Ed

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Part I: Systems Analysis Fundamentals
	1. Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies
		Need for Systems Analysis and Design
		Roles of a Systems Analyst
			Systems Analyst as Consultant
		Consulting Opportunity 1.1: Healthy Hiring: Ecommerce Help Wanted
			Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
			Systems Analyst as Agent of Change
			Qualities of a Systems Analyst
		The Systems Development Life Cycle
			Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and Objectives
			Determining Human Information Requirements
			Analyzing System Needs
		Mac Appeal
			Designing the Recommended System
			Developing and Documenting Software
			Testing and Maintaining the System
			Implementing and Evaluating the System
			The Impact of Maintenance
			Using CASE Tools
		The Agile Approach
			Exploration
			Planning
			Iterations to the First Release
			Productionizing
			Maintenance
		Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design
			Object-Oriented Similarities to SDLC
		Choosing Which Systems Development Method to Use
		Developing Open Source Software
			Why Organizations Participate in Open Source Communities
			The Role of the Analyst in Open Source Software
		Hypercase Experience 1
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Selected Bibliography
	2. Understanding and Modeling Organizational Systems
		Organizations as Systems
			Interrelatedness and Interdependence of Systems
		Consulting Opportunity 2.1: The E in Vitamin E Stands for Ecommerce
			Virtual Organizations and Virtual Teams
			Taking a Systems Perspective
			Enterprise Systems: Viewing the Organization as a System
		Depicting Systems Graphically
			Systems and the Context-Level Data Flow Diagram
			Systems and the Entity-Relationship Model
		Use Case Modeling
		Mac Appeal
			Use Case Symbols
			Use Case Relationships
			Developing System Scope
			Developing Use Case Diagrams
			Developing Use Case Scenarios
			Use Case Levels
			Creating Use Case Descriptions
			Why Use Case Diagrams Are Helpful
		Levels of Management
		Consulting Opportunity 2.2: Where There’s Carbon, There’s a Copy
			Implications for Information Systems Development
		Consulting Opportunity 2.3: Pyramid Power
			Collaborative Design
		Organizational Culture
			Technology’s Impact on Culture
		Hypercase Experience 2
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	3. Project Management
		Project Initiation
			Problems in an Organization
			Defining the Problem
		Consulting Opportunity 3.1: The Sweetest Sound I’ve Ever Sipped
			Selection of Projects
		Determining Feasibility
			Determining Whether It Is Possible
			Estimating Workloads
		Ascertaining Hardware and Software Needs
			Inventorying Computer Hardware
			Evaluating Computer Hardware for Purchase
			Renting Time and Space in the Cloud
			Evaluation of Vendor Support for Computer Hardware
			Understanding the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Option
			Creating Custom Software
		Consulting Opportunity 3.2: Veni, Vidi, Vendi, or, “I Came, I Saw, I Sold”
			Purchasing COTS Software
			Using the Services of a SaaS Provider
			Evaluation of Vendor Support for Software and SAAS
		Identifying, Forecasting, and Comparing Costs and Benefits
			Forecasting
			Identifying Benefits and Costs
		Consulting Opportunity 3.3: We’re Off to See the Wizards
			Comparing Costs and Benefits
		Managing Time and Activities
			The Work Breakdown Structure
			Time Estimation Techniques
		Consulting Opportunity 3.4: Food for Thought
		Project Scheduling
			Using Gantt Charts for Project Scheduling
			Using PERT Diagrams
		Controlling a Project
			Estimating Costs and Preparing the Budget
		Mac Appeal
			Managing Risk
			Managing Time Using Expediting
			Controlling Costs Using Earned Value Management
		Managing the Project Team
			Assembling a Team
			Communication Strategies for Managing Teams
		Hypercase Experience 3.1
			Setting Project Productivity Goals
			Motivating Project Team Members
			Managing Ecommerce Projects
			Creating a Project Charter
		The Systems Proposal
			What to Include in a Systems Proposal
		Consulting Opportunity 3.5: Goal Tending
			Using Figures for Effective Communication
		Hypercase Experience 3.2
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
Part II: Information Requirements Analysis
	4. Information Gathering: Interactive Methods
		Interviewing
			Five Steps in Interview Preparation
			Question Types
			Arranging Questions in a Logical Sequence
		Consulting Opportunity 4.1: Strengthening Your Question Types
			Writing the Interview Report
		Listening to Stories
		Consulting Opportunity 4.2: Skimming the Surface
			Stories Are Made Up of Elements
			Reasons for Telling Stories
		Joint Application Design
			Conditions That Support the Use of JAD
			Who Is Involved?
			Where to Hold JAD Meetings
		Hypercase Experience
			Accomplishing a Structured Analysis of Project Activities
			Potential Benefits of Using JAD in Place of Traditional Interviewing
			Potential Drawbacks of Using JAD
		Using Questionnaires
		Consulting Opportunity 4.3: A Systems Analyst, I Presume?
			Planning for the Use of Questionnaires
			Writing Questions
		Consulting Opportunity 4.4: The Unbearable Questionnaire
			Designing Questionnaires
			Administering Questionnaires
		Consulting Opportunity 4.5: Order in the Courts
		Hypercase Experience 4.2
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	5. Information Gathering: Unobtrusive Methods
		Sampling
			The Need for Sampling
			Sampling Design
			The Sample Size Decision
		Consulting Opportunity 5.1: Trapping a Sample
		Analyzing Quantitative Documents
			Systematically Examining Qualitative Documents
		Consulting Opportunity 5.2: A Rose by Any Other Name . . . Or Quality, Not Quantities
		Analyzing Qualitative Documents
			Systematically Examining Qualitative Documents
		Hypercase Experience 5.1
		Using Text Analytics
		Observing a Decision Maker’s Behavior
			Observing a Typical Manager’s Decision-Making Activities
		Observing the Physical Environment
			Structured Observation of the Environment (STROBE)
		Mac Appeal
			Applying STROBE
		Summary
		Hypercase Experience
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	6. Agile Modeling, Prototyping, and Scrum
		Prototyping
			Kinds of Prototypes
		Consulting Opportunity 6.1: Is Prototyping King?
			The Users’ Role in Prototyping
		Agile Modeling
			Values and Principles of Agile Modeling
		Consulting Opportunity 6.2: Clearing the Way for Customer Links
			Activities, Resources, and Practices of Agile Modeling
			The Agile Development Process
		Consulting Opportunity 6.3: To Hatch a Fish
		Scrum
		Consulting Opportunity 6.4: This Prototype Is All Wet
			Roles Played in Scrum
			The Product Backlog
			The Sprint Cycle
			Other Unique Scrum Features
			Kanban
			Scrum Advantages and Disadvantages
		DevOps: A Cultural Shift for App Development
		Comparing Agile Modeling and Structured Methods
			Lessons Learned from Agile Modeling
			Improving Efficiency in Knowledge Work: SDLC versus Agile
		Mac Appeal
			Risks Inherent in Organizational Innovation
		Hypercase Experience 6
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
Part III: The Analysis Process
	7. Using Data Flow Diagrams
		The Data Flow Approach to Human Requirements Determination
			Conventions Used in Data Flow Diagrams
		Developing Data Flow Diagrams
			Creating the Context Diagram
			Drawing Diagram 0 (The Next Level)
			Creating Child Diagrams (More Detailed Levels)
			Checking Diagrams for Errors
		Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams
			Developing Logical Data Flow Diagrams
			Developing Physical Data Flow Diagrams
			Partitioning Data Flow Diagrams
		A Data Flow Diagram Example
			Developing the List of Business Activities
			Creating a Context-Level Data Flow Diagram
			Drawing Diagram 0
			Creating a Child Diagram
			Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD
			DFD
		Partitioning Websites
		Communicating Using Data Flow Diagrams
		Consulting Opportunity 7.1: There’s No Business Like Flow Business
		Hypercase Experience 7
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	8. Analyzing Systems Using Data Dictionaries
		The Data Dictionary
			Need for Understanding the Data Dictionary
		The Data Repository
			Defining the Data Flows
			Describing Data Structures
			Logical and Physical Data Structures
			Data Elements
			Data Stores
		Creating a Data Dictionary
			Analyzing Input and Output
			Developing Data Stores
		Consulting Opportunity 8.1: Want to Make It Big in the Theatre? Improve Your Diction(ary)!
		Using a Data Dictionary
			Using Data Dictionaries to Create XML
			XML Document Type Definitions
			XML Schemas
		Hypercase Experience 8
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	9. Process Specifications and Structured Decisions
		Consulting Opportunity 9.1: Kit Chen Kaboodle, Inc.
		Overview of Process Specifications
			Process Specification Format
		Structured English
			Writing Structured English
		Consulting Opportunity 9.2: Kneading Structure
			Data Dictionary and Process Specifications
		Decision Tables
			Developing Decision Tables
		Consulting Opportunity 9.3: Saving a Cent on Citron Car Rental
			Checking for Completeness and Accuracy
		Decision Trees
			Drawing Decision Trees
		Consulting Opportunity 9.4: A Tree for Free
		Choosing a Structured Decision Analysis Technique
		Summary
		Hypercase Experience 9
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	10. Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML
		Object-Oriented Concepts
			Objects
			Classes
			Inheritance
		Consulting Opportunity 10.1: Around the World in 80 Objects
		CRC Cards and Object Think
			Interacting During a CRC Session
		Unified Modeling Language (UML) Concepts and Diagrams
		Use Case Modeling
		Activity Diagrams
			Creating Activity Diagrams
		Consulting Opportunity 10.2: Recycling the Programming Environment
			Repository Entries for an Activity Diagram
		Sequence and Communication Diagrams
			Sequence Diagrams
			Communication Diagrams
		Class Diagrams
			Method Overloading
			Types of Classes
			Defining Messages and Methods
		Enhancing Sequence Diagrams
			A Class Example for the Web
			Presentation, Business, and Persistence Layers in Sequence Diagrams
		Enhancing Class Diagrams
			Relationships
			Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) Diagrams
		Statechart Diagrams
			A State Transition Example
		Packages and Other UML Artifacts
		Consulting Opportunity 10.3: Developing a Fine System That Was Long Overdue: Using Object-Oriented Analysis for the Ruminski Public Library System
		Putting UML to Work
		The Importance of Using UML for Modeling
		Consulting Opportunity 10.4: C-Shore++
		Summary
		Hypercase Experience 10
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Selected Bibliography
Part IV: The Essentials of Design
	11. Designing Effective Output
		Output Design Objectives
			Designing Output to Serve the Intended Purpose
			Designing Output to Fit the User
			Delivering the Appropriate Quantity of Output
			Making Sure the Output Is Where It Is Needed
			Providing Output on Time
			Choosing the Right Output Method
		Relating Output Content to Output Method
			Output Technologies
			Factors to Consider When Choosing Output Technology
		Consulting Opportunity 11.1: Your Cage or Mine?
		Consulting Opportunity 11.2: A Right Way, a Wrong Way, and a Subway
		Realizing How Output Bias Affects Users
			Recognizing Bias in the Way Output Is Used
			Avoiding Bias in the Design of Output
		Designing Printed Output
		Consulting Opportunity 11.3: Should This Chart Be Barred?
		Designing Output for Displays
			Guidelines for Display Design
			Using Graphical Output in Screen Design
			Dashboards
			Infographics
		Designing a Website
			Responsive Web Design
			Responsive Web Design
			Flat Web Design
			General Guidelines for Designing Websites
		Consulting Opportunity 11.4: Is Your Work a Grind?
			Specific Guidelines for Website Design
		Mac Appeal
		Consulting Opportunity 11.5: A Field Day
		Web 2.0 Technologies
		Social Media Design
			Guidelines for Social Media Design
		Designing Apps for Smartphones and Tablets
			Set Up a Developer Account
			Choose a Development Process
			Be an Original
			Determine How You Will Price the App
			Follow the Rules
			Design Your Icon
			Choose an Appropriate Name for the App
			Design for a Variety of Devices
			Design the Output for the App
			Design the Output a Second Time for a Different Orientation
			Share a Prototype of Your Work
			Design the App’s Logic
			Design Movement
			Create the User Interface Using Gestures
			Protect Your Intellectual Property
			Market Your App
		Output Production and XML
			Ajax
		Hypercase Experience 11
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	12. Designing Effective Input
		Good Form Design
			Making Forms Easy to Fill In
			Meeting the Intended Purpose
			Ensuring Accurate Completion
			Keeping Forms Attractive
			Controlling Business Forms
		Good Display and Web Forms Design
			Keeping the Display Simple
			Keeping the Display Consistent
			Facilitating Movement
			Designing an Attractive and Pleasing Display
			Using Icons in Display Design
		Consulting Opportunity 12.1: This Form May Be Hazardous to Your Health
		Consulting Opportunity 12.2: Squeezin’ Isn’t Pleasin’
			Graphical User Interface Design
			Form Controls and Values
			Hidden Fields
			Event-Response Charts
			Dynamic Web Pages
			Three-Dimensional Web Pages
			Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
		Mac Appeal
			Using Color in Display Design
		Website Design
		Summary
		Hypercase Experience 12
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	13. Designing Databases
		Consulting Opportunity 13.1: Hitch Your Cleaning Cart to a Star
		Databases
		Data Concepts
			Reality, Data, and Metadata
			Files
			Relational Databases
		Normalization
			The Three Steps of Normalization
			A Normalization Example
			Using an Entity-Relationship Diagram to Determine Record Keys
			One-to-Many Relationships
			Many-to-Many Relationships
		Guidelines for Master File/Database Relation Design
			Integrity Constraints
		Mac Appeal
			Anomalies
		Making Use of a Database
			Steps in Retrieving and Presenting Data
		Denormalization
		Data Warehouses
		Consulting Opportunity 13.2: Storing Minerals for Health, Data for Mining
			Online Analytical Processing
			Data Mining
		Consulting Opportunity 13.3: Losing Prospects
		Business Intelligence (BI)
		Data Analytics
		Blockchains
		Hypercase Experience 13
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	14. Human–Computer Interaction and UX Design
		Understanding Human–Computer Interaction
			How Fit Affects Performance and Well-Being
		Usability
			Designing for the Cognitive Styles of Individual Users
			Physical Considerations in HCI Design
			Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design
			Implementing Good HCI Practices
		Consulting Opportunity 14.1: School Spirit Comes in Many Sizes
		Types of User Interface
		Consulting Opportunity 14.2: I’d Rather Do It Myself
			Natural-Language Interfaces
			Question-and-Answer Interfaces
			Menus
		Consulting Opportunity 14.3: Don’t Slow Me Down
			Form-Fill Interfaces
			Choosing and Evaluating Interfaces
		UX Design
			Five Designer Actions that Promote Good UX Design
			Five Designer Actions to Avoid in UX Design
			UX Design Guidelines: An Ecommerce Example
			Benefits of UX Design
		Designing Interfaces for Smartphones and Tablets
			Gestures
			Alerts, Notices, and Queries
			Badges
		Design for Intelligent Personal Assistants
		Designing for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
		Guidelines for Dialogue Design
			Meaningful Communication
			Minimal User Action
		Consulting Opportunity 14.4: Waiting to Be Fed
			Standard Operation and Consistency
		Feedback for Users
			Types of Feedback
			Including Feedback in Design
		Special Design Considerations for Ecommerce
			Soliciting Feedback from Ecommerce Website Customers
		Consulting Opportunity 14.5: When You Run a Marathon, It Helps to Know Where You’re Going
		Mac Appeal
			Easy Navigation for Ecommerce Websites
		Mashups
		Designing Queries
			Query Types
			Query Methods
		Consulting Opportunity 14.6: Hey, Look Me Over (Reprise)
		Hypercase Experience 14
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
Part V: Quality Assurance and Implementation
	15. Designing Accurate Data Entry Procedures
		Effective Coding
			Keeping Track of Something
			Classifying Information
			Concealing Information
			Revealing Information
			Requesting Appropriate Action
			General Guidelines for Coding
		Consulting Opportunity 15.1: It’s a Wilderness in Here
		Consulting Opportunity 15.2: Catching a Summer Code
		Effective and Efficient Data Capture
			Deciding What to Capture.
			Letting the Computer Do the Rest
			Avoiding Bottlenecks and Extra Steps
			Starting with a Good Form
			Choosing a Data Entry Method
		Ensuring Data Quality through Input Validation
		Consulting Opportunity 15.3: To Enter or Not to Enter: That Is the Question
			Validating Input Transactions
			Validating Input Data
			The Process of Validation
		Data Accuracy Advantages in Ecommerce Environments
			Customers Keying Their Own Data
			Storing Data for Later Use
			Using Data through the Order Fulfillment Process
		Hypercase Experience 15
		Providing Feedback to Customers
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
	16. Quality Assurance and Implementation
		The Total Quality Management Approach
			Six Sigma
			Responsibility for Total Quality Management
			Structured Walkthrough
			Top-Down Systems Design and Development
		Consulting Opportunity 16.1: The Quality of MIS Is Not Strained
		Mac Appeal
			Using Structure Charts to Design Modular Systems
			Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
		Documentation Approaches
			Procedure Manuals
			The FOLKLORE Method
		Consulting Opportunity 16.2: Write Is Right
		Hypercase Experience 16.1
			Choosing a Design and Documentation Technique
		Testing, Maintenance, and Auditing
			The Testing Process
		Consulting Opportunity 16.3: Cramming for Your Systems Test
			Maintenance Practices
			Auditing
		Implementing Distributed Systems
			Client/Server Technology
			Cloud Computing
			Network Modeling
		Training Users
			Training Strategies
			Guidelines for Training
		Consulting Opportunity 16.4: You Can Lead a Fish to Water . . . but You Can’t Make It Drink
		Conversion to a New System
			Conversion Strategies
			Other Conversion Considerations
			Organizational Metaphors and Their Relationship to Successful Systems
		Security Concerns for Traditional and Web-Based Systems
			Physical Security
			Logical Security
			Behavioral Security
			Special Security Considerations for Ecommerce
			Privacy Considerations for Ecommerce
			Disaster Recovery Planning
		Consulting Opportunity 16.5: The Sweet Smell of Success
		Evaluation
			Evaluation Techniques
			The Information System Utility Approach
		Consulting Opportunity 16.6: Mopping Up with the New System
		Evaluating Corporate Websites
		Hypercase Experience 16.2
		Summary
		Keywords and Phrases
		Review Questions
		Problems
		Group Projects
		Selected Bibliography
Glossary
Acronyms
Index