Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants

Front Matter
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Biography
Preface
Chapter 1 - Significance of medicinal plants in human life
	Chapter 1 - Significance of medicinal plants in human life
		1.1 - Historical Importance of Medicinal Plants in Human Society
		1.2 - Exploiting Medicinal Plants: Important Drugs Obtained
			1.2.1 - Factors for Species Rarity of Medicinal Plants
		1.3 - An Overview of Plant-Derived Drug Research
			1.3.1 - Aspects on Ethnomedicine, Traditional Medicine, and Alternative Medicine
			1.3.2 - Plants as a Source of Food and Medicine with Emergence of Homo sapiens
			1.3.3 - WHO's Strategy
			1.3.4 - Medicinal Plants in Different Systems
			1.3.5 - Future Aspect of Ethnomedicinal Plants
		1.4 - Promoting World Wide use of Medicinal Plants
		1.5 - Conservation of Medicinal Plants
			1.5.1 - Conservation Strategies
				1.5.1.1 In Situ Conservation
				1.5.1.2 Natural Reserves
				1.5.1.3 Wild Nurseries
				1.5.1.4 Ex situ Conservation
				1.5.1.5 Botanical Gardens
				1.5.1.6 Seed Banks
				1.5.1.7 Cultivation Practice
				1.5.1.8 Good Agricultural Practices
			1.5.2 - Sustainable Use
				1.5.2.1 Prospects
		References
		Further Readings
Chapter 2 - Drug synthesis from natural products a historical overview and future perspective
	Chapter 2 - Drug synthesis from natural products: a historical overview and future perspective
		2.1 - Introduction
		2.2 - Natural Products in Folklore as a Source of Medicine: A Historical Perspective
			2.2.1 - Bioactive Natural Products from Plants
			2.2.2 - Bioactive Natural Products from Endophytic Microbes
			2.2.3 - Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Source
		2.3 - Role of Modern Science and Technological Innovations in the Development of Novel Drug Compounds
			2.3.1 - Combinational Chemistry Approaches in Drug Discovery
			2.3.2 - Metabolomic Approaches in Drug Discovery
			2.3.3 - Nanotechnology as a Carrier Agent of Natural Products
		2.4 - Conclusion
		Conflict of Interest
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further readings
Chapter 3 - Substituting medicinal plants through drug synthesis
	Chapter 3 - Substituting medicinal plants through drug synthesis
		3.1 - Introduction
		3.2 - Important Constituents of Medicinal Plants
			3.2.1 Terpenoids
				3.2.1.1 - Allocation of Terpenes
				3.2.1.2 - Terpene Biosynthesis
				3.2.1.3 - Pharmacological Aspects of Terpenoids
			3.2.2 - Polyphenols
				3.2.2.1 - Classification of Polyphenols
				3.2.2.2 - Allocation of Polyphenols
				3.2.2.3 - Biosynthesis of Polyphenols
				3.2.2.4 - Pharmacological Aspects of Polyphenols
			3.2.3 - Glycosides
				3.2.3.1 - Allocation of Glycosides
				3.2.3.2 Classification of Glycosides
				3.2.3.3 Biosynthesis of Glycosides
				3.2.3.4 Pharmacological Aspects of Glycosides
			3.2.4 Alkaloids
				3.2.4.1 Allocation of Alkaloids
				3.2.4.2 Biosynthesis of Alkaloids
				3.2.4.3 Pharmacological Aspects of Alkaloids
		3.3 Loss of Biodiversity
		3.4 Valuing the Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants
		3.5 Conclusion
		References
		Further readings
Chapter 4 - Bioactive constituents of neem
	Chapter 4 - Bioactive constituents of neem
		4.1 Neem Chemistry
		4.2 Preparation of Neem Extract from Leaves
		4.3 Extraction of the Secondary Metabolites from Flowers
		4.4 Chemical Constituents of Neem
		4.5 Synthesis of Azadirachtin A
			4.5.1 The Opening Steps
			4.5.2 The Middle Steps
			4.5.3 The End Steps
			4.5.4 Overall Reaction
		4.6 Medicinal Use of Various Parts of Neem
			4.6.1 Antiinflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Activities
			4.6.2 Antioxidant Properties
			4.6.3 Antiviral Effect of Neem
			4.6.4 Immunostimulant Activity
			4.6.5 Hypoglycemic Activity
			4.6.6 Antiulcer Effect
			4.6.7 Antifertility Effect
			4.6.8 Antimalarial Activity
			4.6.9 Antibacterial/Antifungal Activity
			4.6.10 Hepatoprotective Activity
		4.7 Toxicity of Compounds of Neem and Its Extract
		4.8 Conclusion
		References
		Further Readings
Chapter 5 - Turmeric isolation and synthesis of important biological molecules
	Chapter 5 - Turmeric: isolation and synthesis of important biological molecules
		5.1 - Introduction
		5.2 - Cultivation of Turmeric
		5.3 - Isolation of Important Bioactive Agents
		5.4 - Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Turmeric
		5.5 - Synthesis of Curcuminoids
		5.6 - Biological Activities of Turmeric
		5.7 - Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Readings
Chapter 6 - Properties and important molecules of medicinal interest in wood apple (Aegle marmelos)
	Chapter 6 - Properties and important molecules of medicinal interest in wood apple (Aegle marmelos)
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Botanical Description and Identification
		6.3 Dietary Uses of Wood Apple
		6.4 Nutritive Value of Wood Apple
		6.5 Pharmacological Properties of Wood Apple
		6.6 Medicinal Properties of Wood Apple
		6.7 Phytochemicals Present in A. marmelos
		6.8 Synthesis of Phytochemicals Obtained from A. marmelos
		6.9 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further ReadingS
Chapter 7 - Medicinally important constituents of tulsi (Ocimum spp.)
	Chapter 7 - Medicinally important constituents of tulsi (Ocimum spp.)
		7.1 - Introduction
		7.2 -   Isolation of important bioactive agents
			7.2.1 - Isolation of Essential Oil of O. tenuiflorum L. (syn. O. sanctum L.) (Krishna Tulsi)
			7.2.2 - Extract of Eugenol by Batch Extraction From O. Sanctum Linn (Tulsi) Leaves
			7.2.3 - Extraction of Ursolic Acid From O. sanctum
			7.2.4 - Dried Leaf Extraction of Tulsi (O. basilicum)
			7.2.5 - Isolation of Endophytic Fungi From O. sanctum
			7.2.6 - Isolation of Essential Oils of Omani basil (O. basilicum Linn.)
			7.2.7 - Extraction of Ocimum kilimandscharicum
			7.2.8 - Leaf Extraction of O. tenuiflorum
			7.2.9 - Separation of Antimicrobial Compounds From O. sanctum (Tulsi) Extracts by Preparative TLC
			7.2.10 - Determination of Eugenol Concentrations in Alcoholic Extracts of Different Species of Ocimum's using an Analytical...
			7.2.11 - Isolation of Active Constituents From Dried Leaves of Tulsi (O. sanctum L.)
			7.2.12 - Extraction of Sweet Basil (O. basilicum L.)
		7.3 - Synthesis of important derivatives of isolated bioactive compounds
			7.3.1 - Synthesis of Novel Ursolic Acid Derivatives
			7.3.2 - Structural Modifications
			7.3.3 - Synthesis of Novel Ursolic Acid Heterocyclic Derivatives
			7.3.4 - Extracellular Biosynthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles of Krishna Tulsi (O. sanctum) Leaf
			7.3.5 - Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
			7.3.6 - Synthesis of Eugenol Derivatives
				7.3.6.1 - General Procedure for Preparation of 4-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenyl Carboxylate 53b–53d
				7.3.6.2 - General Procedure for Preparation of 4-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenyl Carboxylate 53a and 53e–53q
			7.3.7 - Synthesis of Isomers of Eugenol
		7.4 - Biological assay
			7.4.1 - Immunomodulatory Effects of Tulsi (O. sanctum Linn.) Leaf Extract
			7.4.2 - Dried Leaf Extract of Tulsi (O. sanctum Linn.) Reduces Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
			7.4.3 - Antidiabetic Property of Tulsi Leaves
			7.4.4 - Stress Resilience, Headache Treatment, and Psychological Disorders
			7.4.5 - Remove Kidney Stones
			7.4.6 - Antimicrobial Activity
			7.4.7 - Antiinflammatory Disorders
			7.4.8 - Antifertility Effect
			7.4.9 - Antioxidant Activity
			7.4.10 - Anticoagulant Activity
			7.4.11 - Thyroid Activity
			7.4.12 - Cure Respiratory Disorders
			7.4.13 - Toothache
			7.4.14 - Nutrients
			7.4.15 - Apthous Ulcerations
		7.5 - Conclusions
		References
Chapter 8 - Biological importance of Aloe vera and its active constituents
	Chapter 8 - Biological importance of Aloe vera and Its active constituents
		8.1 - Introduction
		8.2 - Isolation Of Important Bioactive Agents
			8.2.1 - Structural Description
			8.2.2 - Biochemical Description
			8.2.3 - Chemical Composition
		8.3 - Biological Activity
			8.3.1 - Antioxidant Effects
			8.3.2 - Anti-Inflammatory Effects
			8.3.3 - Anti-Diabetic or Hypoglycemic Effects
			8.3.4 - Antitumor Effects
			8.3.5 - Anti-Aging Effects
			8.3.6 - Anti-Hyperlipidemia Effects
			8.3.7 - Immunomodulatory Effects
			8.3.8 - Laxative Effects
			8.3.9 - Wound Healing Effects
			8.3.10 - Adverse Effects
			8.3.11 - Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
Chapter 9 - Alkaloid group of Cinchona officinalis structural, synthetic, and medicinal aspects
	Chapter 9 - Alkaloid group of Cinchona officinalis: structural, synthetic, and medicinal aspects
		9.1 - Introduction
		9.2 - Isolation and Structure
		9.3 - Synthesis
		9.4 - Medicinal Applications
			9.4.1 - Structure–Activity Relationship
		9.5 - Conclusions
		References
Chapter 10 - Isolation of medicinally important constituents from rare and exotic medicinal plants
	Chapter 10 - Isolation of medicinally important constituents from rare and exotic medicinal plants
		10.1 - Introduction
		10.2 - Adonis vernalis
		10.3 - Aesculus hippocastanum
			10.3.1 - Escin (aescin)
			10.3.2 - Plastoquinon-8
				10.3.2.1 - Isolation of Plastoqublolle-8
		10.4 - Fraxinus rhynchophylla
			10.4.1 - Esculetin
				10.4.1.1 - Synthesis of Esculetin
				10.4.1.2 - Pharmacological Effects of Esculetin
				10.4.1.3 - Extraction and Isolation
		10.5 - Atropa belladonna
			10.5.1 - Tropane
				10.5.1.1 - Synthesis of Tropane
			10.5.2 - Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine
				10.5.2.1 - Synthesis of Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine
			10.5.3 - Pharmacology of Tropane Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine
			10.5.4 - Extraction
		10.6 - Berberis vulgaris
			10.6.1 - Isolation of Berberine
			10.6.2 - Synthesis of Berberine
		10.7 - Mucuna pruriens
			10.7.1 - Extraction and Isolation of Compounds
			10.7.2 - Pharmacological Activity of l-DOPA
		10.8 - Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
			10.8.1 - Isolation of Alkaloids from H. canadensis L
			10.8.2 - Hydrastine
				10.8.2.1 - Synthesis of Hydrastine
				10.8.2.2 - Pharmacological Activity of Hydrastine
			10.8.3 - Berberastine
				10.8.3.1 - Synthesis of Berberastine
				10.8.3.2 - Pharmacological Activity of Berberastine
			10.8.4 - Hydrastinine
				10.8.4.1 - Pharmacological Activity of Hydrastinine
		10.9 - Taxus brevifolia
			10.9.1 - Paclitaxel (Taxol)
				10.9.1.1 - Isolation of Taxol
				10.9.1.2 - Synthesis of Taxol (Nicolaou et al., 1994)
				10.9.1.3 - Pharmaceutical Applications
		References
		Further Reading
Chapter 11 - Medicinal properties of marine plants
	Chapter 11 - Medicinal properties of marine plants
		11.1 - Introduction
		11.2 - Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels
			11.2.1 - Dysidiolide
			11.2.2 - Synthesis of Dysidiolide
			11.2.3 - Pharmacological Activity of Dysidiolide
			11.2.4 - Isolation of Dysidiolide
		11.3 - Laurencia obtusa
			11.3.1 - Obtusallene
			11.3.2 - Synthesis of Obtusallene
			11.3.3 - Pharmacological Activity of Obtusallene Family
			11.3.4 - Isolation of Obtusallene Family
		11.4 - Aplidiopsis confluata
			11.4.1 - Aplidiopsamine A
			11.4.2 - Synthesis of Aplidiopsamine A
			11.4.3 - Pharmacological Activity of Aplidiopsamine A
			11.4.4 - Isolation of Aplidiopsamine A
		11.5 - Tunicate didemnum sp.
			11.5.1 - (+)-Didemniserinolipid B
			11.5.2 - Synthesis of (+)-Didemniserinolipid B
			11.5.3 - Pharmaceuticals Activity and Isolation of Didemniserinolipid B
		11.6 - Nostoc linckia
			11.6.1 - Cryptophycin 1
			11.6.2 - Synthesis of Cryptophycin 1
			11.6.3 - Pharmaceutical Application of Cryptophycin 11.A
			11.6.4 - Isolation of Cryptophycin 11.A
		11.7 - Lyngbya majuscule
			11.7.1 - Apratoxin A 11.88
			11.7.2 - Synthesis of Apratoxin A
			11.7.3 - Pharmaceuticals Application of Apratoxin A
			11.7.4 - Isolation of Apratoxin A
		References
		Further Readings
Chapter 12 - Ayurveda A new dimension in the era of modern medicine
	Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine
		12.1 - Introduction and history of ayurvedic medicine
		12.2 - Principle of ayurveda
			12.2.1 - Dosha Theory
			12.2.2 - Dhatu—Basic Structure of a Human Body
			12.2.3 - Tripod of Ayurveda
			12.2.4 - Eight Ways of Diagnosis
		12.3 - Classification of ayurvedic medicine
		12.4 - Preparation of ayurvedic medicine
		12.5 - Commonly found household ayurvedic medicines
			12.5.1 - Black Pepper
			12.5.2 - Camphor
			12.5.3 - Cardamom
			12.5.4 - Cayenne Pepper
			12.5.5 - Chamomile
			12.5.6 - Cinnamon
			12.5.7 - Cloves
			12.5.8 - Coriander
			12.5.9 - Fennel Seeds
			12.5.10 - Fenugreek
			12.5.11 - Flaxseed
			12.5.12 - Garlic
			12.5.13 - Gentian
			12.5.14 - Ginger
			12.5.15 - Hibiscus Flower
			12.5.16 - Licorice
			12.5.17 - Mint
			12.5.18 - Nutmeg
			12.5.19 - Saffron
			12.5.20 - Sandalwood
		12.6 - Summary
		References
Chapter 13 - Dual role of drugs beneficial and harmful aspects
	Chapter 13 - Dual role of drugs: beneficial and harmful aspects
		13.1 - Introduction
		13.2 - Why Drug Abuse?
		13.3 - Natural Sources of Drug Abuse
		13.4 - Amphetamines
			13.4.1 - Natural Sources
			13.4.2 - Medical Application and Abuse
			13.4.3 - Synthesis
				13.4.3.1 - Chemical Synthesis
				13.4.3.2 - Biosynthesis
		13.5 - Charas (Hashish)
			13.5.1 - Natural Sources
			13.5.2 - Medical Application and Abuse
			13.5.3 - Synthesis
				13.5.3.1 - Chemical Synthesis
				13.5.3.2 - Biosynthesis
		13.6 - Cocaine
			13.6.1 - Natural Sources
			13.6.2 - Medical Application and Abuse
			13.6.3 - Synthesis
				13.6.3.1 - Chemical Synthesis
				13.6.3.2 - Biosynthesis
		13.7 - Heroin
			13.7.1 - Natural Sources
			13.7.2 - Medical Application and Abuse
			13.7.3 - synthesis
				13.7.3.1 - Chemical Synthesis
				13.7.3.2 - Biosynthesis of Morphine
		13.8 - Lysergic acid diethylamide
			13.8.1 - Natural Sources
			13.8.2 - Medical Application and Abuse
			13.8.3 - Synthesis
				13.8.3.1 - Chemical Synthesis
				13.8.3.2 - Biosynthesis of Ergot alkaloids
		13.9 - Some Other Drugs
			13.9.1 - Barbiturates
			13.9.2 - Methadone
			13.9.3 - Nicotine
		13.10 - Conclusion
		References
		Further readings
Chapter 14 - Introduction to medicinally important constituent from chinese medicinal plants
	Chapter 14 - Introduction to medicinally important constituent from chinese medicinal plants
		14.1 - Introduction
		14.2 - Some clinically approved bioactive agents from chinese medicinal plants
			14.2.1 - Artemisinin
			14.2.2 - Camptothecin
			14.2.3 - Ephedrine
			14.2.4 - Huperzine A
			14.2.5 - Kanglaite
		14.3 - Some chinese medicinal herbs in early clinical studies
			14.3.1 - Xiaoke Pill
			14.3.2 - Ginseng
			14.3.3 - Coptis
		14.4 - Conclusion
		References
		Further Readings
Index