Syntactic Categories: Their Identification and Description in Linguistic Theories (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology)

Contents......Page 6
General Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 12
List of Abbreviations......Page 14
1.1 Categories and categorization in linguistics......Page 20
1.2 Subject matter, aims, and outline......Page 27
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2 The grammar of Dionysius Thrax......Page 33
2.3 The parts of speech in the Tékhnē grammatikē......Page 36
2.4 The traditional parts of speech in selected grammars of the nineteenth century......Page 39
2.5 Parts of speech as semantic categories......Page 43
2.6 Problems with the traditional parts of speech......Page 47
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.2 Language as an object of scientific study......Page 53
3.3 Towards a description of the structures of languages......Page 55
3.4 Identifying syntactic categories......Page 60
3.5 Inconsistencies and problems concerning the identification of syntactic categories......Page 67
4.1 Introduction......Page 73
4.2 Aspects of the Chomskyan theory of language......Page 76
4.3 On the organization of a Generative Grammar: two examples......Page 79
4.4 Syntactic categories and universal grammar......Page 87
4.5 Reducing the set of categories......Page 92
4.6 Universal vs. language-specific syntactic categories......Page 95
5.1 Introduction......Page 101
5.2.1 General theoretical considerations......Page 103
5.2.2 On determining the D-structure of sentences......Page 106
5.2.3 On deriving S-structure, LF, and PF......Page 108
5.2.4 Some important questions......Page 111
5.3.1 The origin of X-bar theory and the identification of major (lexical) categories......Page 112
5.3.2 Towards a motivation of the categorial features......Page 115
5.3.3 Including minor categories......Page 117
5.3.4 Identifying functional categories......Page 121
5.4 Lexical and functional categories and the licensing of constituents......Page 126
5.4.1 Licensing complements and specifiers of lexical heads......Page 127
5.4.2 Licensing specifiers of functional heads......Page 129
5.4.3 Licensing complements of functional heads vs. licensing functional heads in extended projections of lexical heads......Page 132
5.4.4 A modified θ-theory and the licensing of functional heads and adjuncts in projections of lexical heads......Page 134
5.5.1 Morphosyntax, word order, and the splitting of IP......Page 139
5.5.2 Splitting CP and yet more functional categories......Page 143
5.5.3 Consequences for the identification and description of syntactic categories......Page 146
5.6.1 Introductory remarks......Page 148
5.6.2 An outline of the MP......Page 150
5.6.3 Syntactic categories in the MP......Page 155
5.7 Feature-based representations of syntactic categories in the PPT and the MP......Page 160
6.1 Introduction......Page 169
6.2.1 Considering language universal and language particular needs......Page 172
6.2.2 On generating annotated c-structures......Page 174
6.3 Syntactic categories in LFG......Page 180
6.3.1 Functional features and the description of lexical and functional categories......Page 181
6.3.2 Conditions on c-structures and their impact on the description of syntactic categories......Page 184
6.4 HPSG as a system of signs......Page 188
6.4.1 Feature structures......Page 190
6.4.2 On deriving feature structures of type word in the lexicon......Page 194
6.4.3 Syntactic principles and rules......Page 197
6.4.4 Instead of transformations......Page 202
6.5.1 Feature structures and the description of syntactic categories......Page 205
6.5.2 Some examples as illustration......Page 209
6.6 Feature structures and syntactic categories in LFG and HPSG......Page 215
7.1 Introduction......Page 225
7.2 Parts of speech, syntactic categories, and notionally-based categorization......Page 228
7.3 Cognitive Grammar as a usage- and meaning-based alternative to formal grammars......Page 233
7.3.1 General assumptions......Page 234
7.3.2 Grammatical constructions: symbolization, categorization, and integration......Page 239
7.3.3 Prototypical and non-prototypical component and clause structures......Page 248
7.4.1 Basic and non-basic grammatical categories......Page 256
7.4.2 Grammatical constructions and distribution......Page 269
7.5 Some problems in the identification of syntactic categories......Page 276
8.1 Introduction......Page 283
8.2 Notional features and the description of word classes......Page 287
8.2.1 Basic word classes or ‘primary categories’......Page 288
8.2.2 Intermediate primary categories......Page 290
8.2.3 Secondary categories......Page 293
8.3 Subcategorizations and redundancies in the lexicon......Page 298
8.3.1 Categorial selection of complements and by retro-complements......Page 299
8.3.2 Functor features specifying valencies......Page 301
8.4 Building syntactic structures......Page 307
8.4.1 Syntactic projection......Page 308
8.4.2 Building surface structures......Page 309
8.5 Syntactic categories in a Localist Case Grammar......Page 317
8.5.1 General assumptions, inconsistencies, and problems......Page 318
8.5.2 Extensions and revisions......Page 324
8.6 Notional approaches to syntactic categories and the question of category structure......Page 332
9.1 Introduction......Page 341
9.2.1 Parts of speech or ‘word classes’......Page 344
9.2.2 Syntactic categories or parts of speech?......Page 351
9.2.3 Lexical and syntactic categories......Page 358
9.3 A grammatical model for language typology: Dik’s Functional Grammar......Page 364
9.3.1 General assumptions, aims, and architecture of the grammar......Page 365
9.3.2 Deriving underlying clause structures......Page 367
9.3.3 Expression rules......Page 370
9.3.4 Syntactic categories in FG......Page 374
9.4.1 Syntactic structures......Page 378
9.4.2 Logical structures and semantic representations......Page 388
9.4.3 The linking system......Page 393
9.4.4 Syntactic vs. lexical categories in RRG......Page 397
9.5 The special situation of language typology......Page 402
10.1 Syntactic categories in linguistic theories: results and conclusions......Page 408
10.2 Parts of speech as cognitive lexical categories......Page 415
References......Page 420
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