Sustaining Gains in Poverty Reduction and Human Development in the Middle East and North Africa (Orientations in Development)

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Executive Summary......Page 12
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 19
Section I: Introduction and Objectives......Page 21
1 Introduction......Page 23
2 The Evolving Objectives and Outcomes of World Bank Shelter Assistance......Page 27
Section II: Policy Instruments......Page 45
Box 3.1: Satellite Images, Maps, and GIS......Page 47
4 Housing Finance: The Genie Is Out of the Bottle......Page 59
5 Housing Subsidies: The Political Economy of Reform in an Nth Best Situation......Page 68
6 The World Bank’s Direct Involvement in Low-Cost Housing......Page 80
Section III: Summary......Page 85
7 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 87
Appendix: The Data......Page 107
Endnotes......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 121
Index......Page 133
Box 1.1: Outcomes and Objectives......Page 24
Box 1.2: The Changing Instruments and Policy Environment of World Bank Shelter Assistance......Page 25
Box 2.1: Development Effectiveness and Urban Lending in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Thought Experiment......Page 43
Box 3.2: Street Addressing in Maputo, Mozambique......Page 50
Box 3.3: Freezing Mumbai’s Housing Stock......Page 53
Box 3.4: Standards and Affordability: An Example from Addis Ababa......Page 55
Box 5.1: Targeting and Coverage: A Basic Framework......Page 70
Box 5.2: Housing Subsidies in Morocco: An Illustration of the Complexities......Page 76
Box 6.1: Going to Scale with Sites and Services in Peru......Page 81
Box 6.2: Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Indonesia......Page 82
Box 7.1: “Magnum” Shelter Loans in Mexico and Brazil......Page 89
Box 7.2: Housing and Macroeconomic Risks......Page 95
Figure 2.1a: Per Capita Income and Urbanization for Non-African Developing and Transition Economies, 1990–2002......Page 99
Figure 2.1b: Per Capita Income and Urbanization for Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990–2002......Page 101
Figure 2.3: Growth in World Bank Lending for Various Infrastructure Components......Page 34
Figure 2.4b: Composition of World Bank Shelter Lending, 1987–2005......Page 37
Figure 4.1: Depth of Residential Mortgage Markets......Page 60
Figure 4.2: Size of Housing Finance System in High-Income Countries......Page 61
Figure 4.3: Homeownership Affordability under Different Interest Rates......Page 62
Figure 4.4: EU Mortgage Loans: Market Share, 2001......Page 65
Figure A.1: Urban Housing Lending, 1972–2005......Page 109
Table 2.1: Infrastructure Connections in Slums and Surrounding Overall Urban Areas, for All Developing Regions, 1998......Page 31
Table 2.2: Amount and Rate of Satisfactory Outcomes of World Bank Loans to Various Sectors......Page 33
Table 2.3: World Bank Shelter Loans by Type and Performance......Page 38
Table 2.4: Regional Breakdown of World Bank Shelter Loans by Type and Decade......Page 40
Table 5.1: Housing Subsidies as a Portion of GDP in Selected Countries......Page 69
Table 5.2: Characteristics of Housing Subsidy Programs in Selected Latin American Countries......Page 72
Map 3.1: Land Use in Dhaka City, 1984......Page 103
Map 3.2: Land Use in Dhaka City, 2004......Page 105