Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity

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Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Introduction
1. Information Theory and the Thermodynamic Efficiency of Biological Sorting Systems: Case Studies of the Kidney and of Mitoch ...
	Introduction
	A Summary of the Working of the Kidney
	The Paradox of the Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Kidney
	Maxwell\'s Demon, Its Exorcism, and the Entropic and Energetic Cost of Sorting
	The Kidney as a Maxwell\'s Demon
	Mitochondrial Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate (ATP)-Synthase as a Maxwell\'s Demon
	Closing Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
2. Roles of AMP, ADP, ATP, and AMPK in Healthy Energy Boosting and Prolonged Life Span
	Introduction
		Adenosine Monophosphate/5′-Adenylic Acid
		Adenosine Diphosphate/Adenosine Pyrophosphate
		Adenosine Triphosphate
	5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
		Cell Signaling
	Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin/FK506-Binding Protein 12-Rapamycin-Associated Protein 1
		Role of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Widely Studied Diseases
		Autophagy
		Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (Unfolded Protein Response)
		Mitochondrial Stress
		Existing Energy Boosters
		Energy Boosting in Clinical Medication and Their Mechanisms
		Possibilities of Other Medicinal Herbals in Ayurveda
		Advanced Research Strategies for Developing Healthy Energy Boosters
	Acknowledgments
	References
3. An Overview of Nitrite and Nitrate: New Paradigm of Nitric Oxide
	Nitric Oxide Biochemistry and Physiology
	Endothelial Dysfunction and Loss of NO Production
	l-Arginine Supplementation
	Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway
	Summary
	References
4. An Overview on Nitric Oxide and Energy Metabolism
	Introduction
	Biochemistry of Nitric Oxide
	Regulation of Mitochondrial Respiration
		Direct Effects of Nitric Oxide on Mitochondrial Respiration
		Indirect Effect of Nitric Oxide on Mitochondrial Respiration
	Nitric Oxide Regulates Energy Metabolism and Body Composition
		Nitric Oxide and Oxygen Consumption in Association With Physical Activity and Fitness
		Nitric Oxide Governs Metabolism of the Proximate Principles of Food
	Conclusion
	References
5. Antioxidants and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
	Introduction
	Experimental Studies
	Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
	Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Cancer
	Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body Theranostics
	Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body Formation in Zika Virus and Other Diseases
	Personalized Nanotheranostics
	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Zika Virus Disease
	Autophagy Versus Charnolophagy
	Phagolysosome Versus Charnolophagosome
	Clinical Significance of Charnoly Body and Charnolophagy
	Metallothioneins Provide Mitochondrial Neuroprotection
	Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
	Significance of Charnolopharmacotherapy
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
6. Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fats: Energy Metabolism
	Introduction
	Carbohydrates
		Sugar in Foods
		Sugar in Drinks
		Specific Dynamic Action of Carbohydrates
		Glycemic Index
		Obesity and Carbohydrates
	Protein
		Protein–Energy Malnutrition
	Lipids
		Fat and Energy in the Diet and Obesity
		Dietary Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism
	Diet-Induced Thermogenesis/Specific Dynamic Action
	Energy Metabolism and Obesity
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
Section 2: Botanicals and Herbal Indgredients and Marine Nutraceuticals
7. Role of Selected Medicinal Plants in Sports Nutrition and Energy Homeostasis
	Introduction
	Diverse Medicinal Plants
		Citrus aurantium
		Rhodiola rosea
			Schisandra chinensis
			Tribulus terrestris
			Vitis vinifera
			Withania somnifera
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
8. Withania somnifera: Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Functions
	Introduction
	Chemical Composition
	Toxicologic Studies of Withania somnifera
	Pharmacokinetic Profile of Withania somnifera
	Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera
	Anti-Parkinson Effects of Withania somnifera
	Anti-Alzheimer Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antiischemic and Antihypoxic Effects of Withania somnifera
	Cardioprotective Effects of Withania somnifera
	Anticancer Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antiinflammatory Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antimicrobial Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antiarthritic Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antistress Effects of Withania somnifera
	Antidiabetic Effects of Withania somnifera
	Aphrodisiac Effects of Withania somnifera
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
9. An Overview on Tribulus terrestris in Sports Nutrition and Energy Regulation
	Introduction
	Aphrodisiac Activity
	Supplementation in Sport
	Contamination and/or Adulteration of Dietary Supplements
	Recommendations for Sport Nutrition With Supplements
	Risk of Violating Antidoping Rules
	References
10. The Use of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for Health Care: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
	Introduction
	Methods
		Data Sources
		Study Selection
			Type of Study
			Type of Participants
			Type of Intervention
			Type of Control Intervention
			Type of Outcome Measures
	Data Extraction
		Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews
	Results
	Discussion
	References
11. An Overview on Rhodiola rosea in Cardiovascular Health, Mood Alleviation, and Energy Metabolism
	Introduction/Overview
	Active Constituents
	Rhodiola rosea and Exercise Performance
	Rhodiola rosea Combined With Other Substances
	Mechanisms of Action
	How to Take
	Side Effects
	Conclusions and Gap Analysis
	References
	Further Reading
12. Energy and Health Benefits of Shilajit
	Introduction
	Chemistry
	Safety Studies
	Research Studies
		Human Studies
		Animal Studies
		In Vitro Studies
	Discussion and Summary
	References
13. An Overview on Ginseng and Energy Metabolism
	Review
	Introduction of Ginseng
	Active Chemical Constituents
		Ginsenosides/Saponins
		Polysaccharides
		Polyacetylenes
		Alkaloids
		Glucosides
		Phenolic Acid
		Others
	Pharmacological Effects
		Anticancer Activity
		Antidiabetic Activity
		Lipid-Regulating and Antithrombotic Activities
		Immunoregulatory Activity
		Wound and Ulcer Healing Activity
		Neuroregulation Activity
	Health Effects
		Antiaging Activity
		Antifatigue
		Others
	Conclusions
	References
14. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Ethnobotany and Health Benefits
	Effect on Respiratory System
	Hepatoprotective Effect
	Effect on Cardiovascular System
	Immunity Regulation and Antiinflammation Effects
	Antitumor Activities
		Breast Cancer
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Prostate Cancer
	Effect on Gastrointestinal Tract
	Effect on Endocrine System
	Side Effects and Cautions
	Conclusion and Perspective
	Abbreviations
	References
15. An Overview of Yohimbine in Sports Medicine
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Action
	What Are the Needs for Sports Enhancement?
	Theoretical Reflections
		Animal Model Research
		Human Correlates
	Metabolic Effects in Humans
		Obesity
		Normal Males
		Athletes
	Proven and Potential Toxicities
	Would Yohimbine Be Unique in Its Activity for Sports?
	Has Yohimbine Been Adequately Studied for Sports?
	References
16. Black Ginger Extract Enhances Physical Fitness Performance and Muscular Endurance
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Kaempferia parviflora Extract Underlying Increases in Physical Fitness by Kaempferia parviflora Extract
	Effects of Kaempferia parviflora Extract on Physical Fitness and Muscular Endurance in Mice
	Clinical Trials
	Conclusion
	References
17. Role of Marine Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Health
	Introduction to Angiotensin-I–Converting Enzyme Inhibition
	Marine-Derived Angiotensin-I–Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
		Bioactive Peptides
		Chitooligosaccharide Derivatives
		Phlorotannins
		Fucoxanthin
	Concluding Remarks
	References
18. Royal Jelly in Medicinal to Functional Energy Drinks
	Introduction
	Royal Jelly
		Chemical Composition
		Standardization
		Safety
	Energy-Enhancing Actions
		Antifatigue Effect
		Sustainability of Physical Performance
	Formulations
		Medicinal Energy Drinks
		Soft Energy Drinks
	Marketing Challenges
	Conclusion
	References
19. Role of Caffeine in Sports Nutrition
	Introduction
	An Overview on Caffeine Metabolism
		Absorption
		Metabolism
		Factors Affecting Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
		Summary of Caffeine Metabolism
	Effects of Caffeine on Endurance Performance
	Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance
		Maximal Strength
		Strength Endurance
	Effects of Caffeine on Power Performance
	Caffeine Ingestion: Source and Dosage
	Mechanisms of Action of Caffeine
	Side Effects, Health Risks, and Cautions
	Summary
	References
	Further Reading
20. Beneficial Roles of Caffeine in Sports Nutrition and Beverage Formulations
	Caffeine: History
	Sources and Consumption
	Mechanisms of Action
	Effects on Performance
	Caffeine Responders
	Caffeine Habituation
	Caffeine Abstinence Period
	Timing of Caffeine Administration
	Caffeine Dosage
	Caffeine Effects and Training Status/Specificity of Training
	Summary
	References
Section 3: Amino Acids
21. Amino Acids and Energy Metabolism: An Overview
	Introduction
	Amino Acid Metabolism
	Glucogenic Amino Acids and Ketogenic Amino Acids
	Catabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
		Amino Acids That Produce Pyruvic Acid
		Amino Acids That Produce α-Ketoglutaric Acid via Glutamic Acid
		Amino Acids That Produce Succinyl Coenzyme A
		Amino Acids That Produce Acetyl Coenzyme A or Acetoacetic Acid
		Amino Acids That Produce Fumaric Acid
		Amino Acids That Produce Oxaloacetate
	Control of Body Temperature and Energy Metabolism
		Inhibition of Core Temperature Hypothermia and Synthesis of Skeletal Muscle Proteins by Administration of Amino Acids Under ...
		Amino Acids That Contribute to the Reduction of Hypothermia
	Conclusion
	References
22. Branched Chain Amino Acids and Sports Nutrition and Energy Homeostasis
	Biological Bases of Branched Chain Amino Acids
	Branched Chain Amino Acids and Athletic Performance
		Central Fatigue
		Muscle Damage and Subjective Perception of Exertion
		Anabolic Response in Muscle Recovery
	Scientific Opinions and Guidelines of Governing Bodies and Institutions
	Effects of Administration of Branched Chain Amino Acids in Different Sports
	Practical Applications and Concluding Remarks
	References
23. HMB Supplementation: Clinical and Performance-Related Effects and Mechanisms of Action
	Introduction
	Metabolism
	Pharmacokinetics
	Clinically Related Effects
	Ergogenic-Related Effects
	Mechanisms of Action
		Increased Sarcolemmal Integrity
		Increased Metabolic Efficiency
		Upregulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I
		Increased Activation of Satellite Cells and Myogenic Factors
		Stimulation of Protein Synthesis Through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Activation
		Suppression of Proteolysis by Inhibition of Proteolytic Systems
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
Section 4: Antioxidants and B-Vitamins
24. Antioxidants and Vitamins: Roles in Cellular Function and Metabolism
	Antioxidants
		Endogenous Antioxidants
			Ascorbic Acid
			Vitamin E
			Thiol Antioxidant
			Nucleotide-Reduced Equivalent Molecules
			Other Endogenous Antioxidants
		Exogenous Antioxidants
			Dietary Polyphenols
			Phenolic Acids
			Flavonoids
			Stilbenes
			Lignans
	Antioxidant Enzymes
	Vitamins
	Effects of Antioxidant and Vitamin Supplementation
	Oxidative Stress
		Reactive Oxygen Species
			Mitochondria
			Peroxisomes
			Cytochrome P450
	Consequences of Antioxidant and Vitamin Deficiency: Oxidative Stress in Cellular System
		Oxidative Damage to Lipids
		Oxidative Damage to Proteins
		Oxidative Damage to Nucleic Acid
	Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Aging
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section 5: Design a Novel Beverage Formulation
25. Salient Features for Designing a Functional Beverage Formulation to Boost Energy
	Introduction
	Designing a Functional Energy Beverage
	Energy Beverage Formulations
	Additives, Thickeners, Soluble Dietary Fiber, and Carbohydrates
	Energy Formulations and Future Trends
	Conclusion
	References
Section 6: Safety and Toxicity
26. Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots: Safety, Efficacy, and Controversy
	Introduction
	Caffeine\'s Prevalence in Society and the Emergence of CEDS
	Pharmacology of Caffeine
	Safety of CEDS
	Efficacy of CEDS
	Controversy
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
27. An Overview on the Constituents and Safety of Energy Beverages
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Constituents
	Extracardiac Effects
		Neurologic
		Gastrointestinal
		Renal
		Endocrine
		Psychiatric
	Cardiac Effects
		Vascular Wall Effects
			Endothelial Dysfunction
			Aortic Dissection
		Hemodynamics
			Elevated Blood Pressure
			Increased Heart Rate
			Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
	Electrical Effects
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			Increased Corrected QT Interval
			Supraventricular Arrhythmia
			Ventricular Arrhythmia
	Coronary Disease
		Outline placeholder
			Coronary Artery Spasm
			Sudden Cardiac Death
			Myocardial Ischemia
	Heart Muscle Disease
		Outline placeholder
			Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy
	Effects in Specific Populations
	Long-Term Effects
	Conclusions
	References
28. Interactions of Commonly Used Prescription Drugs With Food and Beverages
	Introduction
		Taking Medications on a Full or Empty Stomach
	Food–Drug Interactions
		Effects of Calcium on Antibiotics and Other Medications
		Soy-Containing Products and Anticoagulants
		Garlic and Anticoagulants and Protease Inhibitors
		Effects of Foods Containing Vitamin K on Warfarin Anticoagulation
		Effects of Ginger on Warfarin Anticoagulation
		Effects of Caffeine on Drug Metabolism
		Effects of Tyramine on Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Therapy
	Drug–Beverage Interactions
		Effects of Acidic Beverages on Drug Absorption
		Effects of Citrus Juice on Drug Metabolism
		Effects of Alcohol on Drug Metabolism and Efficacy
		Effects of Cranberry on Drug Metabolism
		Green Tea Reduces Anticoagulant Effects
	Conclusion
	References
Section 7: Commentary and Future Directions
Novel Energy Beverage Formulations: Efficacious, Healthy, and Safe
	References
Energy: A High School Student\'s Perspective: Fossil Fuel to Renewables
	Fossil Fuel to Renewables
Index
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