Sustainable Utilization of Carbon Dioxide: From Waste to Product

Contents
About the Editors
Organocatalytic Reductive Functionalization of Carbon Dioxide
	1 Introduction
	2 Summary and Outlook
	References
CO2 Conversion via Catalytic Hydrogenation to Methanol, DME and Syngas
	1 Introduction
	2 Catalytic CO2 Conversion to Methanol
	3 CO2 Hydrogenation to Dimethyl Ether (DME)
		3.1 Methanol Dehydration to DME
		3.2 Direct DME Synthesis from CO2
	4 CO2 Hydrogenation to Syngas
	5 Summary and Outcomes
	References
Similar Life Cycle Evaluation of Microalgae Development for Non-energy Purposes Utilizing Diverse Carbon Dioxide Sources
	1 Introduction
	2 Steps of Life Cycle Analysis
		2.1 Goal and Scope
		2.2 Life Cycle Inventory
		2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
		2.4 Life Cycle Assessment
		2.5 Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA)
		2.6 Material and Methods
		2.7 Overview of the Production System
		2.8 Energy Required
		2.9 Transportation
	3 Discussion
		3.1 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Microalgae Biotechnology and Chemical Absorption as Merged Techniques to Decrease Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Technologies for CO2 Emissions Reductions
		2.1 Adsorption
		2.2 Membrane Separation
		2.3 Absorption
		2.4 Biological CO2 Fixation by Microalgae
	3 Merging of Chemical and Biological CO2 Fixation
	4 Enrichment and Applications of the Microalgae Biomass Obtained in CO2 Fixation
	5 Final Considerations and Perspectives
	References
Hydrogen Creation and Carbon Sequestration by Fracking Carbon Dioxide
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Capture and Sequestration
		2.1 Concept of CO2 Capture and Sequestration
		2.2 CCS Techniques
		2.3 Capture from Major Sources
		2.4 Modern Technologies of CCS to Increase the CO2 Capture
		2.5 Challenge of CCS Technology
	3 Hydrogen Creation
		3.1 Overview and Current Status of SE-SMR
	4 Final Remarks and Conclusions
	References
Carbon Dioxide Utilization and Biogas Upgradation Via Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis: Theory, Applications, and Opportunities
	1 Introduction
	2 Anaerobic Digestion and Merits
	3 Biogas Upgradation
	4 Biological Methods
	5 Nature and Physiology of Hydrogenotrophs
	6 Mechanism of CO2 Utilization
	7 Other Electron Sources for Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis
	8 Bioconversion of CO2 to Biomethane Using Hydrogenotrophs
	9 Upgradation Using Hydrogen Gas
	10 In-Situ Upgradation
	11 Critical Barriers in In-Situ Upgradation and Likely Solutions
	12 Ex-Situ Upgradation
	13 Hybrid H2-Based Biogas Upgrading
	14 Case Studies
	15 Limitations and Future Possibilities
	16 Conclusions
	References
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Bioenergy Production by Utilizing the Biological System
	1 Introduction
	2 Biological Sequestration of CO2
		2.1 Conversion of CO2 into Bicarbonate via Hydration Reaction with Carbonic Anhydrase
		2.2 Packed Bed (PB) and Rotating Packed Bed (RPB)
		2.3 Membrane Contractor (MC)
		2.4 Hydrogenation of CO2 into Formate
		2.5 Formation of CH4 from CO2
		2.6 Enzyme Cascade-Mediated Production of Methane from CO2
		2.7 Role of RuBisCo Enzyme
	3 Production of Bioenergy via the Biological Conversion of CO2
		3.1 Biodiesel
		3.2 Ethanol (C2H5OH)
		3.3 Supplementary Biofuels
	4 Alternative Techniques to Sequester the CO2
		4.1 Absorption
		4.2 Adsorption
		4.3 Cryogenic Method
		4.4 Membrane Technology
	5 Difficulties in Capturing the CO2 and Transforming It into Energy
		5.1 Difficulties Faced While Capturing the CO2
		5.2 Difficulties in Converting the CO2 into Bioenergy
	6 Process Design for Improving the Transformation of CO2 into Bioenergy
		6.1 Developing a System by Integrating the CO2 Sequestration and Producing Bioenergy
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Water–Gas Shift Reactions Energy Production by Carbon Dioxide Capture
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology of Water–Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR)
	3 Thermodynamics of Water–Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR)
	4 Kinetics of Water–Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR)
		4.1 High-Temperature Shift Reaction (HTSR) Catalyst
		4.2 Low-Temperature Shift Reaction (LTSR) Catalyst
	5 Conclusion and Challenges
	References