Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Authors
1 Sustainable Geoenvironment
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Impacts on the Geoenvironment
			1.1.1.1 Geoenvironment Impacts from Natural Events, Disasters, and Humans
	1.2 Geoenvironment, Ecosystems, and Resources
		1.2.1 Ecozones and Ecosystems
		1.2.2 Natural Resources and Biodiversity in the Geoenvironment
	1.3 Geoenvironment Sustainability
		1.3.1 Geoenvironment as a Natural Resource Base
		1.3.2 Impacts on the Geoenvironment
			1.3.2.1 Impacts Due to Population Growth
			1.3.2.2 Impacts from Natural Resource Exploitation
		1.3.3 Stressors and Sources
			1.3.3.1 Natural Stressor Sources and Stressors
			1.3.3.2 Anthropogenic Stressor Sources and Stressors
	1.4 Geoenvironment Impacts on Soil and Water Resources
		1.4.1 Impacts on Land Mass and Soil
			1.4.1.1 Soil Functionality and Indicators
		1.4.2 Impacts on Water and Water Resources
	1.5 Sustainability
		1.5.1 Renewable and Non-renewable Geoenvironment Natural Resources
		1.5.2 Un Sustainability Goals 2030
		1.5.3 Social Sustainability Through Community Engagement
		1.5.4 The United Nations Biodiversity Conference (cop 15)
	1.6 Climate Change Impacts on the Geoenvironment and Cop 27
	1.7 Life-cycle Concept and a Circular Economy
		1.7.1 Life-cycle Concept
		1.7.2 Circular Economy
	1.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
2 Stressors and Soil Contamination
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Stressors and Impacts
		2.2.1 Stressor Impacts on Soils
			2.2.1.1 Hydraulic
			2.2.1.2 Mechanical
			2.2.1.3 Thermal
			2.2.1.4 Chemical
			2.2.1.5 Geochemical
			2.2.1.6 Biologically Mediated
		2.2.2 Soil Contamination from Chemical Stressors
	2.3 Contamination and Geoenvironmental Impacts
		2.3.1 Reference Frame
		2.3.2 Characterization of Geoenvironmental Impacts
		2.3.3 Identifying and Assessing for Impact on the Geoenvironment
		2.3.4 Man-made and Natural Combinations
	2.4 Wastes, Contaminants, and Threats
		2.4.1 Inorganic Contaminants
			2.4.1.1 Arsenic (AS)
			2.4.1.2 Cadmium (CD)
			2.4.1.3 Chromium (CR)
			2.4.1.4 Copper (CU)
			2.4.1.5 Lead (PB)
			2.4.1.6 Nickel (NI)
			2.4.1.7 Zinc (ZN)
		2.4.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants
			2.4.2.1 Persistent Organic Chemical Pollutants (POPs)
		2.4.3 Nano and Microplastics
	2.5 Surface and Subsurface Soils
		2.5.1 Soil as a Resource Material
		2.5.2 Nature of Soils
		2.5.3 Soil Composition
			2.5.3.1 Primary Minerals
			2.5.3.2 Secondary Minerals
			2.5.3.3 Soil Organic Matter
			2.5.3.4 Oxides and Hydrous Oxides
			2.5.3.5 Carbonates and Sulphates
		2.5.4 Soil Properties Pertinent to Contaminant Transport and Fate
			2.5.4.1 Specific Surface Area (SSA) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
		2.5.5 Surface Properties
	2.6 Contaminant Transport and Land Contamination
		2.6.1 Mechanisms of Interaction of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil
		2.6.2 Chemically Reactive Groups of Organic Chemical Contaminants
		2.6.3 Partitioning of Contaminants and Partition Coefficients
		2.6.4 Predicting Contaminant Transport
	2.7 Physico-chemical Properties and Processes
		2.7.1 Solubility
		2.7.2 Partition Coefficients
		2.7.3 Vapour Pressure
	2.8 Geoenvironmental Land Management
	2.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
3 Sustainable Water Management
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Geoenvironment Sustainable Water Management
			3.1.1.1 Water Availability and Quality
	3.2 Uses of Water and Its Importance
		3.2.1 Hydrologic Cycle
			3.2.1.1 Human Interference on Infiltration and Run-off
			3.2.1.2 Impacts Due to Climate Change
		3.2.2 Harvesting of Groundwater
			3.2.2.1 Excessive Groundwater Abstraction and Land Subsidence
		3.2.3 Uses of Water
			3.2.3.1 Agricultural, Food, Industrial, and Domestic Uses
			3.2.3.2 Cultural Importance of Water
	3.3 Characterization of Water Quality, Management, and Monitoring
		3.3.1 Classes of Contaminants Characterizing Chemical Stressors
		3.3.2 Monitoring of Water Quality
			3.3.2.1 Remote Sensing
			3.3.2.2 Biomonitoring
	3.4 Sustainable Water Treatment and Management
		3.4.1 Techniques for Surface and Groundwater Treatment
			3.4.1.1 Isolation and Containment
			3.4.1.2 Extraction Treatment Techniques
			3.4.1.3 Natural and Enhanced Natural Attenuation
			3.4.1.4 Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB)
			3.4.1.5 Bioremediation
			3.4.1.6 Ex Situ Processes
		3.4.2 Groundwater and Water Management
			3.4.2.1 Evaluation of the Sustainability of Remediation Alternatives
	3.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Industrial Ecology and the Geoenvironment
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Concept of Industrial Ecology
		4.2.1 Geoenvironmental Life-cycle Assessment (GLCA)
		4.2.2 Geoenvironment Impacts and Sustainability
	4.3 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream Industries
	4.4 Forestry-related Industries
		4.4.1 Lumber and Wood Processing
		4.4.2 Pulp and Paper Industry
		4.4.3 Land Environment Impact and Sustainability Indicators
	4.5 Mineral Mining and Processing Downstream Industries
		4.5.1 Metallurgical Industries
			4.5.1.1 Metal Fabrication and Processing
		4.5.2 Non-metal Mineral Resources Processing
		4.5.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators
	4.6 Petrochemical and Chemical Industries
		4.6.1 Petrochemical Industries
		4.6.2 Chemical Industries
			4.6.2.1 Stressors and Impacts on Geoenvironment
		4.6.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators
	4.7 Health Care Industries
		4.7.1 Hospital Wastes and the Geoenvironment
		4.7.2 Impact of Covid-19
	4.8 Energy Production and the Geoenvironment
		4.8.1 Fossil Fuel Energy Production
			4.8.1.1 Geoenvironment Stressors
		4.8.2 Nuclear Energy
		4.8.3 Geothermal Energy
		4.8.4 Methane and Methane Hydrates
		4.8.5 Wind Turbines
		4.8.6 Alternative Energy Sources and the Geoenvironment
	4.9 Contaminating Discharges and Wastes
	4.10 Concluding Remarks
	References
5 Natural Resource Extraction: Stressors and Impact Management
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Stressors and Impacts
		5.2.1 Mining-related Activities
		5.2.2 Underground and Surface Hydrocarbon Extraction
			5.2.2.1 Fluid Usage and Stressors
		5.2.3 Hydraulic Fracturing
		5.2.4 Sulphide Minerals and Acidic Leachates
			5.2.4.1 Acid Mine Drainage
			5.2.4.2 Arsenic Release
	5.3 Resource Extraction Impacts
		5.3.1 Mining-related Industries
			5.3.1.1 Discharges from Beneficiation and Processing – Stressor Sources
			5.3.1.2 Solid Waste Materials and Stressors
			5.3.1.3 Liquid Waste Streams, Discharge, and Stressors
			5.3.1.4 Critical Mineral Supply
	5.4 Carbon Capture and Storage
	5.5 Tailings’ Discharges and Management
		5.5.1 Containment of Tailings
		5.5.2 Nature of Contained Slurry Tailings
	5.6 Geoenvironment Impacts and Management
		5.6.1 Geoenvironmental Inventory and Land Use
		5.6.2 Acid Mine Drainage (amd) Impact Mitigation
			For Conditions Where Acid Generation Has Occurred and Acid Leachate Has Found Its Way to the Land Environment and Its Receiving Waters, the Two Courses of Required Action Are (a) Protection of the Affected Land Receptors and Water Bodies from Accepting Fu
			5.6.2.1 Amd Management
			5.6.2.2 Natural Systems
			5.6.2.3 Biosorption
			5.6.2.4 Other Technologies
		5.6.3 Slurry Tailings’ Management
			5.6.3.1 Biohydrometallurgical Processes
	5.7 Concluding Remarks
		5.7.1 Mining Activities
		5.7.2 Contaminated Water Management
		5.7.3 Tailings’ Discharge and Mine Closure
	References
6 Agricultural-based Food Production Geoenvironment Stressors
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Food Production
		6.1.2 Geoenvironment Engineering – Sustainable Issues
	6.2 Land Use for Food Production
	6.3 Stressor Impacts on Water and Soil
		6.3.1 Water Utilization
		6.3.2 Soil and Water Quality Stressors
			6.3.2.1 Nutrients
			6.3.2.2 Herbicides and Pesticides
			6.3.2.3 Microbial Contaminants
			6.3.2.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
			6.3.2.5 Emerging Pollutants
			6.3.2.6 Aquaculture
	6.4 Food Production Stressor Impacts
		6.4.1 Impact on Health
		6.4.2 Impact on Biodiversity
	6.5 Managing Geoenvironment Stressor Impacts
		6.5.1 Examples of Practices to Reduce Stressor Impacts
			6.5.1.1 Soil Degradation Minimization
			6.5.1.2 Soil Erosion Reduction
			6.5.1.3 Integrated Crop Management
			6.5.1.4 Water Use and Quality Improvement
			6.5.1.5 Source Control
		6.5.2 Impact of Soil Additives
		6.5.3 Mitigating Manure Treatment Stressors’ Impacts
			6.5.3.1 Aerobic Composting
			6.5.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion
			6.5.3.3 Wetlands
			6.5.3.4 Integrated Manure Treatment
	6.6 Tools for Evaluation of Geoenvironment Impacts from Farming Stressor Sources
		6.6.1 Agricultural Sustainability
		6.6.2 Development of Analytical Tools
	6.7 Indicators of Agroecosystem Sustainability
	6.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
7 Urbanization and the Geoenvironment
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Land Uses and Land Use Change by Urbanization
	7.3 Impact of Urbanization
		7.3.1 Impact on Water
		7.3.2 Effect of Transportation and Energy Use
		7.3.3 Implications on Health
		7.3.4 Land Degradation
		7.3.5 Impact of Urban Waste Disposal
		7.3.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		7.3.7 Impact on Ecosystem Biodiversity
			7.3.7.1 Impact on Resources
	7.4 Impact Avoidance and Risk Minimization
		7.4.1 Waste Management
			7.4.1.1 Pollution Management and Prevention
			7.4.1.2 Waste Reduction
			7.4.1.3 Waste Recycling
			7.4.1.4 Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes
		7.4.2 Water Resource Management
		7.4.3 Reduction in Climate Change Impacts
		7.4.4 Green Spaces
		7.4.5 Alternative Forms of Transportation
		7.4.6 Brownfield Redevelopment
		7.4.7 Sustainability Indicators for Urbanization
	7.5 Mitigation and Remediation of Impacts
		7.5.1 Mitigation of Impact of Wastes
			7.5.1.1 Fresh Kills Urban Dump, New York City, New York, Usa
		7.5.2 Vertical Barriers and Containment
		7.5.3 Excavation
		7.5.4 Landfill Bioreactor
		7.5.6 Natural Attenuation
		7.5.7 Remediation of Urban Sites
	7.6 Case Study of a Sustainable Urban Area
	7.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Coastal Marine Environment Sustainability
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Coastal Marine Environment and Impacts
		8.2.1 Geosphere and Hydrosphere Coastal Marine Environment
		8.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on the Marine Environment
		8.2.3 Sedimentation
		8.2.4 Eutrophication
		8.2.5 Food-chains and Bioaccumulation
		8.2.6 Contamination of Sediments
			8.2.6.1 Some Case Studies of Sediment Contamination
			8.2.6.2 Sediment Quality Criteria
	8.3 London Convention and Protocol
	8.4 Quality of Marine Sediments
		8.4.1 Standards and Guidelines
			8.4.1.1 Guidelines
			8.4.1.2 Chemicals
		8.4.2 Background and Bioconcentration
			8.4.2.1 Background Concentration
		8.4.3 Sulphide and Its Effects on Marine Life
			8.4.3.1 Toxic Sulphide
			8.4.3.2 Guideline of Sulphide for Surface Water and Sediments
			8.4.3.3 Connecting Problems of Geoenvironment and Bioenvironment
		8.4.4 Heavy Metals
			8.4.4.1 Profile of Heavy Metal Concentration
		8.4.5 Minamata Disease
		8.4.6 Organic Chemical Contaminants
			8.4.6.1 Organotins
			8.4.6.2 Chlorinated Organic Microcontaminants
			8.4.6.3 Micro and Nanoplastics
	8.5 Rehabilitation of Coastal Marine Environment
		8.5.1 Removal of Contaminated Suspended Solids
			8.5.1.1 Confined Sea Areas
			8.5.1.2 Large Bodies of Water
			8.5.1.3 Continuous Removal of Suspended Solids
		8.5.2 Sand Capping
		8.5.3 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by Dredging
			8.5.3.1 Dredging
			8.5.3.2 Treatment of Dredged Sediments
		8.5.4 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by Resuspension
		8.5.5 Cleanup of Oil Spills
	8.6 Creation of a Natural Purification System
		8.6.1 Creation of Sand Beaches and Tidal Flats
		8.6.2 Creation of Seaweed Swards
	8.7 Recovery of Drifting Sea Debris
	8.8 Coastal Erosion
	8.9 Remediation of Cesium-contaminated Deposits
		8.9.1 Examples of Removal of Cs-contaminated Deposits
		8.9.2 Outline of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident
		8.9.3 Cesium Contamination in Water
		8.9.4 Challenges of Remediation at Large Depths
		8.9.5 Selective Removal Technology of Polluted Sediments
			8.9.5.1 Removal of Cs Ions from Turbid Water by Soil Particles
		8.9.6 Segregation of Sediments Due to Resuspension
			8.9.6.1 Removal of Cs Ions and Cs-rich Sediments by Segregation
		8.9.7 Case Studies of Reservoirs in Fukushima Prefecture
			8.9.7.1 Separation of Sediments by Resuspension and Pump Dredging
			8.9.7.2 Decontamination Equipment and Technology
			8.9.7.3 Remote Controlled Dredging Equipment
			8.9.7.4 Results
	8.10 Concluding Remarks
	References
9 Contaminants and Land Environment Sustainability Indicators
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Indicators
		9.2.1 Nature of Indicators
		9.2.2 Contaminants and Geoenvironment Indicators
		9.2.3 Prescribing Indicators
	9.3 Assessment of Interaction Impacts
		9.3.1 Sustainability Concerns
		9.3.2 Surface Discharge – Hydrologic Drainage, Spills, and Dumping
		9.3.3 Sub-surface Discharges
	9.4 Contaminant Transport and Fate
		9.4.1 Analytical and Predictive Tools
		9.4.2 Basic Elements of Interactions Between Dissolved Solutes and Soil Fractions
		9.4.3 Elements of Abiotic Reactions Between Organic Chemicals and Soil Fractions
		9.4.4 Reactions in Porewater
	9.5 Surface Complexation and Partitioning
		9.5.1 Partitioning of Inorganic Contaminants
		9.5.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants
	9.6 Persistence and Fate
		9.6.1 Biotransformation and Degradation of Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals
			9.6.1.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes
			9.6.1.2 Polycyclic, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
			9.6.1.3 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene – Btex
			9.6.1.4 Methyl Tert-butyl Ether – Mtbe
			9.6.1.5 Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
			9.6.1.6 Heavy Metals
			9.6.1.7 Micro and Nanoplastics
	9.7 Prediction of Transport and Fate of Contaminants
		9.7.1 Mass Transport
		9.7.2 Transport Prediction
			9.7.2.1 Chemical Reactions and Transport Predictions
		9.7.3 Geochemical Speciation and Transport Predictions
	9.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
10 Geoenvironment Impact Mitigation and Management
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Geoenvironmental Impacts
			10.1.1.1 Types of Stressors
			10.1.1.2 Impact Mitigation and Management
	10.2 Site Functionality and Restoration
		10.2.1 Site Functionality
			10.2.1.1 Choice and Use of Attributes
		10.2.2 Site Restoration
	10.3 Stressor Impacts and Mitigation
		10.3.1 Geo-disaster Mitigation and Protection
			10.3.1.1 Naturally Occurring Events
			10.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Actions
	10.4 Chemical Stressors – Contaminants
	10.5 Soils for Contaminant Impact Mitigation and Management
		10.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties
			10.5.1.1 Soil Microstructure Controls on Hydraulic Transmission
			10.5.1.2 Microstructure, Wetted Surfaces, and Transport Properties
		10.5.2 Chemical Properties
			10.5.2.1 Sorption
			10.5.2.2 Cation Exchange
			10.5.2.3 Solubility and Precipitation
			10.5.2.4 Speciation and Complexation
		10.5.3 Biological Properties
			10.5.3.1 Protozoa
			10.5.3.2 Fungi
			10.5.3.3 Algae
			10.5.3.4 Viruses
			10.5.3.5 Bacteria
	10.6 Natural Attenuation Capability of Soils
		10.6.1 Natural Attenuation by Dilution and Retention
			10.6.1.1 Dilution and Retention
		10.6.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation
			10.6.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons – Alkanes, Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes
			10.6.2.2 Gasoline Components Btex and Mtbe
			10.6.2.3 Pahs – Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
			10.6.2.4 Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
			10.6.2.5 Pfas
			10.6.2.6 Pharmaceuticals
			10.6.2.7 Nitroaromatics
			10.6.2.8 Metals and Metalloids
			10.6.2.9 Nitrogen
			10.6.2.10 Sulphur
		10.6.3 Oxidation-reduction (redox) Reactions
	10.7 Natural Attenuation and Impact Management
		10.7.1 Enhancement of Natural Attenuation Capability
			10.7.1.1 Soil Buffering Capacity Manipulation
			10.7.1.2 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
			10.7.1.3 Biochemical and Biogeochemical Aids
		10.7.2 Na Treatment Zones for Impact Mitigation
			10.7.2 .1 Permeable Reactive Barriers and Na
	10.8 Lines of Evidence
		10.8.1 Organic Chemical Compounds
		10.8.2 Metals
	10.9 Evidence of Success
	10.10 Engineered Mitigation-control Systems
		10.10.1 Remediation as Control-management
	10.11 Protocols Developed for Natural Attenuation
	10.12 Concluding Remarks
	References
11 Remediation and Management of Contaminated Soil
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Physical/chemical Remediation Technologies
		11.2.1 Isolation
		11.2.2 Confined Disposal
		11.2.3 Physical Separation
		11.2.4 Soil Vapour Extraction (sve)
		11.2.5 Fracturing
		11.2.6 Soil Washing and Soil Flushing
		11.2.7 Oxidation
		11.2.8 Nanoremediation
		11.2.9 Electrokinetic Remediation
		11.2.10 Solidification/stabilization
	11.3 Thermal Remediation
		11.3.1 Vitrification
		11.3.2 Incineration
		11.3.3 Thermal Extraction
	11.4 Biological Remediation
		11.4.1 Slurry Reactors
		11.4.2 Landfarming
		11.4.3 Composting
		11.4.4 Bioconversion Processes
		11.4.5 Phytoremediation
		11.4.6 in Situ Bioremediation
		11.4.7 Bioventing
		11.4.8 Biosparging
		11.4.9 Microbial-induced Mineral Precipitation
			11.4.9.1 Microbial Immobilization of Cations
			11.4.9.2 Microbial-induced Mineralization
			11.4.9.3 Micp and Biomineralization of Heavy Metals
		11.4.10 Microbial-induced Phosphate Precipitation (MIPP)
			11.4.10.1 Microbial-induced Sulfide Precipitation (MISP)
			11.4.10.2 Radionuclides
	11.5 Comparison of Treatment Technologies
		11.5.1 Treatment Technologies Overview
		11.5.2 Design of a Remediation Process
	11.6 Green Remediation
	11.7 Sustainable Remediation Frameworks and Tools
	11.8 Case Studies Using a Sustainability Approach
		11.8.1 Case Study for a Benzene-contaminated Site
		11.8.2 European Case Studies
		11.8.3 Surf Case Study
	11.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
12 Sustainable Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Organic Matter Elimination and Decomposition
			12.1.1.1 Nutrients
			12.1.1.2 Waste Discharge
		12.1.2 Decomposition of Organic Matter
	12.2 Nitrogen Cycle
		12.2.1 Guidelines for Nitrogen Compounds in Drinking Water
		12.2.2 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Compounds
		12.2.3 Ammonia and Ammonium Ion
		12.2.4 Mineralization and Immobilization
		12.2.5 Anammox Nitrification/denitrification
		12.2.6 Uptake of Nh4+ and No3- by Plants
	12.3 Carbon Cycle
		12.3.1 Carbon Neutral
		12.3.2 Carbon Cycle
		12.3.3 Types of Biominerals
		12.3.4 Fate of Carbon in Bccp
			12.3.4.1 Foraminifers and Coccolithophores
			12.3.4.2 Accumulation Rate of Soil Particles and Carbonates on the Sea Bottom
			12.3.4.3 Carbonate Diagenesis in Marine Sediments
			12.3.4.4 Coral Reef and Limestone Formation
			12.3.4.5 Oceanic Crust Decarbonation
		12.3.5 Fate of Carbon in Micp
			12.3.5.1 Urease-producing Bacteria
			12.3.5.2 Photosynthesis by Cyanobacteria
		12.3.6 Carbon Cycle Via Methane
	12.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
13 Ureolytic Microbial Carbonate Precipitation
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Carbonate Diagenesis and Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (micp)
		13.1.2 Development of Biocement Technology
		13.1.3 Urease Activity and Induced Carbonates
		13.1.4 Present Problems in Micp Technology
		13.1.5 Perspectives for Micp Technology
	13.2 Microbial-induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)
		13.2.1 Isolation and Cultivation of Bacteria
		13.2.2 Urease Activity in the Presence of Calcium Ions
		13.2.3 Urease Activity and Carbonate Precipitation Rate
		13.2.4 Temperature
		13.2.5 Ph
		13.2.6 Optical Density (OD)
	13.3 Concept of Sustainable Micp
		13.3.1 Fundamental Approach to the Micp Mechanism
		13.3.2 Optical Density and Micp
		13.3.3 Standard Od-cpr Relationship
		13.3.4 Micromechanisms in Micp
		13.3.5 Viable Od and Apparent Od*
	13.4 Rcv Test and Od Conversion
		13.4.1 One-point Rcv Test and Od Conversion Method
		13.4.2 Evaluation of Rcv by a Single Point Method
		13.4.3 Multi-point Rcv Test and Od Conversion Method
		13.4.4 Rcv Change Due to Ageing
	13.5 Inhibition and Retardation in Micp
		13.5.1 Inhibition and Retardation
		13.5.2 Inhibition and Retardation Due to 1.0 M Ca2+
		13.5.3 0.5 M Ca2+
		13.5.4 0.3 M Ca2+
		13.5.5 Retardation Due to Constant Ca2+/od Ratio
	13.6 Morphology in Micp
	13.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
14 Micp Soil Improvement
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Soil-micp System
		14.2.1 Definition of Elements of Soil-micp System
		14.2.2 Measurement Method for Carbonate Content
	14.3 Microbiological Soil Mechanics
		14.3.1 Definition of Strength for Ordinary Soil and BCS Treated Soil
		14.3.2 Failure Criteria and Strength Constants of BCS-treated Soils
		14.3.3 Carbonate Content and Dry Density for Micp-treated Soils
		14.3.4 Bcs-treated Soil, Limestone, and Sediments
		14.3.5 Ucs, Carbonate Content, and Dry Density
		14.3.6 Determination of C for Design Strength UCS
		14.3.7 Conversion Between CPR and C
	14.4 Injection and Seepage Techniques – Saturated Flow
		14.4.1 Vertical Injection-saturated Plug Flow
		14.4.2 Spraying on a Soil Surface
		14.4.3 Infiltration Below the Groundwater Table
		14.4.4 Lateral Infiltration
	14.5 Application of Micp to Soils
		14.5.1 Bearing Capacity
		14.5.2 Soil Structure and Infrastructure
		14.5.3 Reduction of Earth Pressure
		14.5.4 Surface Erosion
		14.5.5 Coastal Erosion
		14.5.6 Wind Erosion
		14.5.7 Reduction of Soil Liquefaction Potential
	14.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
15 Towards Geoenvironmental Sustainability
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Unsustainable Actions and Events
			15.1.1.1 Iron and Coal Mining
			15.1.1.2 Oil and Petroleum
			15.1.1.3 Medical Wastes
			15.1.1.4 Pulp and Paper
			15.1.1.5 Cement, Stone, and Concrete
			15.1.1.6 Various Stressors and Impacts
	15.2 Exploitation and State of Renewable Natural Resources
		15.2.1 Sustainability of Renewable Non-living Natural Resources
		15.2.2 Geoenvironment and Management of Renewable Resources
			15.2.2.1 Unsustainable Actions
			15.2.2.2 Towards Sustainability
			15.2.2.3 Protection of Soil and Water Resources
	15.3 Water and Soil Quality Indicators
		15.3.1 Soil Quality Index
			15.3.1.1 Example of Sqi Development
		15.3.2 Water Quality Index (WQI)
	15.4 Sustainability Case Studies
		15.4.1 Rehabilitation of Airport Land
			15.4.1.1 Sustainability Indicators – Observations and Comments
		15.4.2 Sustainable Mining Land Conversion
			15.4.2.1 Sustainability Indicators – Observations and Comments
		15.4.3 Agriculture Sustainability Study
			15.4.3.1 Sustainability Indicators – Observations and Comments
		15.4.4 Petroleum Oil Well Redevelopment
			15.4.4.1 Sustainability Indicators – Observations and Comments
		15.4.5 Mining and Sustainability
			15.4.5.1 Sustainability Indicators – Observations and Comments
		15.4.6 Organic Urban Waste Management in Europe
		15.4.7 Sediment Reuse: Orion Project, Port of New York, and New Jersey
		15.4.8 Example of the Use of a Multi-geosynthetic Approach for a Pathway
	15.5 Sustainability Frameworks and Tools
		15.5.1 Sustainability Frameworks and Guidelines
		15.5.2 Sustainability Tools
			15.5.2.1 Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency Enhancement-battery Project, New York, New York
	15.6 Concluding Remarks – Towards Sdgs Relevant to the Geoenvironment
	References
Appendix
	Detailed Methodology for Rcv Determination
		Preparation of Bacteria
		Methodology
Index