Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends

Front Cover
Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1. Background and motivation
	1.2. Polylactide: Advantages and challenges
	1.3. Polymer blend technology
	1.4. Polylactide blends research outputs
	1.5. Sustainability
	1.6. Scope of the book
	References
Chapter 2: Terminology and dimensions of sustainability, life cycle assessment, and characteristics of sustainable polyme ...
	2.1. Terminology
		2.1.1. Sustainable development
		2.1.2. Renewable resources
		2.1.3. Source reduction
		2.1.4. Recycling, reuse, and repair
		2.1.5. Regeneration, recovery, and remanufacturing
		2.1.6. Biodegradation
		2.1.7. Eco-efficiency
		2.1.8. Eco-design and design for the environment
		2.1.9. Cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle
		2.1.10. Green chemistry
		2.1.11. Zero waste
		2.1.12. Environmental accounting
		2.1.13. Ethical investments
		2.1.14. Social responsibility
		2.1.15. Polluter pays principle
	2.2. The three dimensions of sustainability
		2.2.1. Environmental approach
		2.2.2. Economic and societal approaches
	2.3. Life cycle assessment
		2.3.1. Metrics used in life cycle assessment
		2.3.2. Economic and social aspects of life cycle assessment
	2.4. Characteristics of sustainable polymers
		2.4.1. Feedstock
		2.4.2. Process
		2.4.3. Intended use
		2.4.4. End-of-use
	2.5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Science and technology of polylactide
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Chemistry and synthesis of PLAs
		3.2.1. Lactic acid
		3.2.2. Polymerization
	3.3. Properties
	3.4. Applications
	3.5. Biodegradation
	3.6. Life cycle assessment of PLA and PLA-based materials
	3.7. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Synthesis, properties, advantages, and challenges of bio-based and biodegradable polymers used for the preparation
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Definition and characteristics of bio-based and biodegradable polymers
	4.3. Polymers derived from renewable resources
		4.3.1. Natural rubber
		4.3.2. Starch
		4.3.3. Chitosan
		4.3.4. Poly(hydroxy alkanoates)
		4.3.5. Lignin
	4.4. Environmentally friendly polymers derived from fossil-fuel resources
		4.4.1. Poly(butylene succinate)
		4.4.2. Poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate]
		4.4.3. Poly(-caprolactone) (PCL)
		4.4.4. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)
	4.5. Advantages of biopolymers
	4.6. Challenges and opportunities of biopolymers
	4.7. Biopolymers market
	4.8. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of polymer blend technology
	5.1. Basics of polymer blends
	5.2. Interphase and compatibilization
		5.2.1. Interphase
		5.2.2. Compatibilization by addition
		5.2.3. Reactive compatibilization
	5.3. Blend morphology development
		5.3.1. Fundamentals of morphology development
		5.3.2. Lamellar morphology development
		5.3.3. Fibrillar morphology development
		5.3.4. Co-continuous morphology development
	5.4. Effect of processing conditions on blend morphology
	5.5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Processing technologies for polylactide-based blends
	6.1. Blending methods and equipment
		6.1.1. Melt mixing
			6.1.1.1. Batch mixer
			6.1.1.2. Single screw extruder
			6.1.1.3. Twin screw extruder
		6.1.2. Solvent casting
	6.2. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Techniques for structural and morphological characterization of polymer blends
	7.1. Optical microscopy
	7.2. Scanning electron microscopy
	7.3. Transmission electron microscopy
	7.4. Atomic force microscopy
	7.5. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
	7.6. Small-angle X-ray scattering
		7.6.1. Data measurement, processing, and reduction
		7.6.2. Background subtraction
		7.6.3. Absolute intensity calibration
		7.6.4. Form factor and structure factor
		7.6.5. Effect of polydispersity
		7.6.6. Porod approximation
		7.6.7. Guinier approximation
		7.6.8. Resolution in SAXS
		7.6.9. Use of SAXS in polymer blend characterization
			7.6.9.1. Determination of blend miscibility
			7.6.9.2. Studies on crystal structure
			7.6.9.3. Morphological studies on blends of block copolymer type of thermoplastic elastomers
	7.7. Nuclear magnetic resonance
	7.8. Infrared spectroscopy
	7.9. Rheology
	7.10. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Mechanical models for polymer blends
	8.1. Background of mechanical models
		8.1.1. Parallel and series models
		8.1.2. Takayangi models
		8.1.3. Halpin-Tsai model
		8.1.4. Hirsch's model
		8.1.5. Models for co-continuity and phase inversion
	8.2. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Polylactide stereocomplex
	9.1. Basics of stereocomplex PLA
	9.2. Processing and structural characterization of stereocomplex PLA
	9.3. Degradability of stereocomplex PLA
		9.3.1. Thermal degradation
		9.3.2. Hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation
	9.4. Mechanical properties of SC PLA
	9.5. Applications of SC PLA
	9.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Polylactide/natural rubber blends
	10.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/natural rubber blends
	10.2. Thermal characterization of PLA/NR blends
		10.2.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		10.2.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	10.3. Mechanical properties of PLA/NR blends
	10.4. Degradability of PLA/NR blends
	10.5. Applications of PLA/NR blends
	10.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Polylactide/starch blends
	11.1. Basics of starch
	11.2. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/starch blends
	11.3. Thermal characterization of PLA/starch blends
		11.3.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		11.3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	11.4. Mechanical properties of PLA/starch blends
	11.5. Degradability of PLA/starch blends
	11.6. Applications of PLA/starch blends
	11.7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Polylactide/chitosan blends
	12.1. Basics of chitosan
	12.2. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/chitosan blends
	12.3. Thermal characterization of PLA/chitosan blends
		12.3.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		12.3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	12.4. Mechanical properties of PLA/chitosan blends
	12.5. Degradability of PLA/chitosan blends
	12.6. Applications of PLA/chitosan blends
	12.7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13: Polylactide/poly(hydroxyalkanoate) blends
	13.1. Basics of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
	13.2. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PHA blends
	13.3. Thermal characterization of PLA/PHA blends
		13.3.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		13.3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	13.4. Mechanical properties of PLA/PHA blends
	13.5. Degradability of PLA/PHA blends
	13.6. Applications of PLA/PHA blends
	13.7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Polylactide/lignin blends
	14.1. Basics of lignin and polymer/lignin blends
	14.2. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/lignin blends
	14.3. Thermal characterization of PLA/lignin blends
		14.3.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		14.3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	14.4. Mechanical properties of PLA/lignin blends
	14.5. Degradability of PLA/lignin blends
	14.6. Applications of PLA/lignin blends
	14.7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15: Polylactide/natural oil blends
	15.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/natural oil blends
	15.2. Thermal characterization of PLA/natural oil blends
		15.2.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		15.2.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	15.3. Mechanical properties of PLA/natural oil blends
	15.4. Degradability of PLA/natural oil blends
	15.5. Applications of PLA/natural oil blends
	15.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: Polylactide/poly(butylene succinate) blends
	16.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBS blends
	16.2. Thermal property and crystallization modification
	16.3. Mechanical properties
	16.4. Biodegradability, recycling, and applications
	16.5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Polylactide/poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] blends
	17.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBSA blend systems
	17.2. Thermal properties, crystallization modification, and thermal stability
	17.3. Mechanical properties
	17.4. Biodegradation and applications
	17.5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Polylactide/poly(-caprolactone) blends
	18.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PCL blends
	18.2. Thermal characterization of PLA/PCL blends
		18.2.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		18.2.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	18.3. Mechanical properties of PLA/PCL blends
	18.4. Biodegradability of PLA/PCL blends
	18.5. Applications of PLA/PCL blends
	18.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 19: Polylactide/poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) blends
	19.1. Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBAT blends
	19.2. Thermal characterization of PLA/PBAT blends
		19.2.1. Differential scanning calorimetry
		19.2.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
	19.3. Mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends
	19.4. Degradability of PLA/PBAT blends
	19.5. Applications of PLA/PBAT blends
	19.6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 20: Market, current and future applications
	20.1. Market
	20.2. Applications
	References
Chapter 21: Conclusions, challenges, and future outlook
	21.1. Conclusions
	21.2. Challenges
	21.3. Future outlook
	References
Index
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