Sustainable On-Site CHP Systems: Design, Construction, and Operations

Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Part 1 CHP Basics......Page 22
1 Overview......Page 24
Why CHP?......Page 25
History......Page 27
CHP Basics......Page 29
Understanding and Matching Facility Load Requirements......Page 35
Key Issues Facing Industry Today......Page 38
References......Page 39
Background......Page 40
Applicability of CHP to Commercial and Institutional Facilities......Page 42
References......Page 53
3 Power Equipment and Systems......Page 56
Fuel-to-Power Equipment......Page 59
Thermal-to-Power Equipment......Page 77
CHP Prime Mover Comparisons......Page 80
CHP Plant System Requirements......Page 84
References......Page 85
Thermal Design for CHP Systems......Page 86
Heat Recovery Options and Design......Page 90
Thermal Technologies......Page 94
Load Characterization and Optimization......Page 101
Integration with Building Systems......Page 104
Intrinsic Features of Packaged CHP Systems......Page 106
Benefits and Shortcomings of Packaged CHP Systems......Page 109
Examples of Commercially Available Packaged CHP Systems......Page 115
References......Page 117
U.S. Federal CHP Policy......Page 118
U.S. State CHP Policy......Page 120
Non-U.S. Policy......Page 122
CHP Programs......Page 123
Future Policy Development......Page 125
CHP System Requirements......Page 126
7 Carbon Footprint—Environmental Benefits and Emission Controls......Page 128
Carbon Footprint of Electric Power Production......Page 129
Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculators......Page 130
Environmental Benefits of CHP......Page 131
Environmental Emissions from CHP......Page 132
Emission Control Technologies for CHP......Page 139
References......Page 145
Part 2 The Feasibility Study......Page 146
Tools and Software for Feasibility Study......Page 148
Level 1 Feasibility Study—Existing Facility......Page 152
Level 2 Feasibility Study—Existing Facility......Page 157
CHP Feasibility for New Facilities......Page 158
References......Page 159
Life-Cycle-Cost Analysis......Page 162
Calculating Estimated Energy Use and Cost......Page 168
Estimating Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs......Page 170
Estimating Budgetary Construction Costs......Page 171
Calculating Life-Cycle Costs......Page 172
Reference......Page 174
Part 3 Design......Page 176
10 The Engineering Process......Page 178
Hiring the Best Engineering Team......Page 179
The Engineering Design Process......Page 182
Key CHP Design Issues......Page 188
Intangibles......Page 200
11 Electrical Design Characteristics and Issues......Page 202
Switchgear Design Considerations......Page 203
Grounding Considerations......Page 209
Interconnection Rules and Standards......Page 212
Sample System Diagram......Page 218
References......Page 222
Environmental Assessments and the Permitting Process......Page 224
Building an Effective Application......Page 225
Air Quality......Page 226
Noise......Page 234
Other Potential Environmental Impacts......Page 237
References......Page 238
Part 4 Construction......Page 240
13 CHP Construction......Page 242
CHP Plant Contractual Organizational Structure......Page 243
Identify the Appropriate Construction Delivery Method......Page 247
Protection through the Construction Contract......Page 248
Effective Project Management......Page 252
Conclusions......Page 254
References......Page 255
Commissioning the CHP System......Page 256
Compliance Management Program......Page 262
References......Page 265
15 Managing Risks during CHP Plant Construction......Page 266
Risk Management: The Insurance Industry Perspective......Page 267
An Overview and Limitation of Current Practice......Page 270
Use of Probability Distributions......Page 271
Use of Risk Analysis to Establish Most Likely Cost......Page 273
Use of Monte Carlo Simulation in Cost Planning......Page 275
References......Page 276
Part 5 Operations......Page 278
Plant Operators......Page 280
Plant Start-Up......Page 284
Decisions on Plant Optimization......Page 285
Plant Maintenance......Page 287
CHP and the Plant Operator......Page 290
Background......Page 292
Performance Monitoring......Page 295
Commissioning Verification......Page 296
Component Monitoring......Page 297
Example Application of Data from Simulation and Laboratory Testing......Page 317
CHP Performance Monitoring and Commissioning Verification Algorithm Deployment Scenario......Page 319
CHP Performance Monitoring and Commissioning Verification Application Scenarios......Page 320
References......Page 324
Understanding the CHP Plant......Page 326
CHP Data Gathering......Page 328
CHP Data Analysis......Page 329
Maintaining an Issues Log......Page 332
Billing......Page 333
Operating Strategies......Page 334
Operator Training......Page 336
Reserve Funds......Page 337
Insurance Requirements......Page 338
Let People Know the Great Results of CHP......Page 339
Part 6 Case Studies......Page 340
History......Page 342
Central Energy Plant and Systems......Page 345
Environmental Benefits, Compliance, and Sustainability......Page 350
Pioneering Work and Industry Leadership......Page 351
Employee Safety and Training......Page 352
Recent Honors and Awards......Page 353
Technical Overview......Page 356
Measured Performance......Page 359
Key Results......Page 363
Conclusion......Page 365
21 Case Study 3: Optimal Sizing Using Computer Simulations—New School......Page 366
References......Page 375
22 Case Study 4: University Campus CHP Analysis......Page 376
Central Utilities Plant Description......Page 377
Methodology for Cogeneration Plant Optimization......Page 379
Conclusions......Page 387
23 Case Study 5: Governmental Facility—Mission Critical......Page 388
The Homeland Security Objective......Page 390
The Energy Conservation Objective......Page 392
Prime Mover Possibilities......Page 393
Electrical Load Classes......Page 397
Reliability Worth......Page 400
References......Page 405
24 Case Study 6: Eco-Footprint of On-Site CHP versus EPGS Systems......Page 408
Introduction......Page 409
Description of Compared Systems......Page 410
System Cost Comparison......Page 415
20-Year Life-Cycle Cost......Page 416
Fuel Related Environmental Issues Impact Alternate Eco-Footprints......Page 417
Summary and Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 419
Introduction......Page 420
Current Corn Ethanol Processing......Page 423
Net Energy Balance Considerations......Page 425
Second Law Considerations......Page 427
Ethanol Economic Realities Reexamined......Page 428
Related Environmental Eco-Footprints......Page 431
Modifications to Corn Ethanol Process......Page 433
Looming U.S. Trade Gap Issues......Page 435
Summary of Findings......Page 436
Comparison of CHP and EPGS Eco-Footprints......Page 437
Conclusions......Page 438
References......Page 440
26 Case Study 8: Energy Conservation Measure Analysis for 8.5-MW IRS CHP Plant......Page 444
Time to Consider Following Emergency Power Options......Page 447
References......Page 448
Glossary......Page 450
C......Page 454
D......Page 457
E......Page 458
F......Page 459
H......Page 460
M......Page 461
P......Page 462
R......Page 463
U......Page 464
X......Page 465