Sustainable Management of Nematodes in Agriculture, Vol.2: Role of Microbes-Assisted Strategies (Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection, 19)

Preface
Contents
Part I: Soil Microbes in Nematode Management: Basic Paradigms
	Chapter 1: Microbial-Based Products and Soil Management Practices to Control Nematodes in Organic Horticultural Crops
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Use of Agronomical Practices to Control Plant Parasitic Nematodes
			1.2.1 Organic Amendments
			1.2.2 Other Practices
		1.3 Use of Microorganisms to Control PPN
			1.3.1 Bacteria
			1.3.2 Fungi
		1.4 Practical Application of Microbial Inocula for PPN Control
		1.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 2: Impact of Soil Disturbances on Soil Nematode Communities
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Ecological Importance of Nematodes in Soil Food Webs
		2.3 Factors Affecting Nematode Communities in Agricultural Soils
			2.3.1 Soil Moisture
			2.3.2 Soil Acidity
			2.3.3 Soil Organic Matter
			2.3.4 Management Practices and Fertilization
			2.3.5 Soil Bacteria and Fungi in Biological Control
		2.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 3: Soil Microbiota and Mechanisms of Plant Parasitic Nematode Suppression
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Distributions and Diversification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Soil
		3.3 Strategies for PPNs Management
			3.3.1 Antagonistic Soil Microbes for PPNs Management
				3.3.1.1 Antagonistic and Nematophagous Bacteria
				3.3.1.2 Mechanisms of Action
			3.3.2 Antagonistic Fungi
				3.3.2.1 Mechanism of Action
				3.3.2.2 Antagonistic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
				3.3.2.3 Mechanism of Action
			3.3.3 Predatory Nematodes
				3.3.3.1 Mechanism of Action
		3.4 Role of Rhizospheric Microorganisms in Plant-Nematode Interactions
		3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 4: Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Microbe Interactions: A Biological Control Perspective
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Nematophagous Microorganisms Interactions: An Overview
			4.2.1 Nematophagous Bacteria Mechanisms
			4.2.2 Entomopathogenic Nematodes in PPN Management
			4.2.3 Nematophagous Fungi and PPN Management
				4.2.3.1 Endophytic Fungi
				4.2.3.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
				4.2.3.3 Nematode-Trapping and Nematophagous Fungi
		4.3 Factors Affecting BCA Success/Failure
		4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 5: Interactions of Free-Living Nematodes and Associated Microorganisms with Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Free-Living Nematodes
		5.2 Importance of Free-Living Rhabditids
			5.2.1 Food Web and Soil Mineralization
			5.2.2 Plant Pathogens Transmission
			5.2.3 Pest Control
		5.3 Microbiota Associated with Free-Living Nematodes
		5.4 Relationships of Free-Living and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Agricultural Soil
		5.5 Entomopathogenic and Entomophilic Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents
		5.6 Potential in Sustainable Agriculture
		5.7 Prospect for Healthy Soil
		5.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
Part II: Microbial Agents in Nematode Management
	Chapter 6: Recent Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogens and Nematophagous Mites for the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Nematophagous Fungi
			6.2.1 Case Studies on Nematophagous Fungi
		6.3 Case Studies on Bacteria
		6.4 Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
		6.5 Nematophagous Mites
		6.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 7: Fungal Biocontrol Agents for Nematode Management in Organic Agriculture
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Functional Classification
			7.2.1 Endo-Parasitic/Endozoic Fungi
			7.2.2 Nematode Trapping Fungi
			7.2.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
			7.2.4 Toxin-Producing Fungi
			7.2.5 Fungi with Special Nematode-Attacking Devices
		7.3 Commercial Formulations
		7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 8: Egg-Parasitic Fungi and Nematode Management
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Egg-Parasitic Fungi
		8.3 Pochonia and Metapochonia
			8.3.1 Taxonomy
			8.3.2 Pochonia Biology and Ecology
			8.3.3 Mode of Action
			8.3.4 Potential in Biocontrol
		8.4 Purpureocillium (syn. Paecilomyces)
			8.4.1 Type of Species
			8.4.2 Biology and Ecology
			8.4.3 Mode of Action
			8.4.4 Potential in Biocontrol
		8.5 Trichoderma
			8.5.1 Taxonomy
			8.5.2 Biology and Ecology
			8.5.3 Mode of Action
			8.5.4 Potential
		8.6 Lecanicillium
			8.6.1 Taxonomy
			8.6.2 Biology and Ecology
			8.6.3 Mode of Action
			8.6.4 Potential
		8.7 Other Fungi
		8.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 9: Fungal Antagonists and their Effectiveness to Manage the Rice Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Management of Rice Root-Knot Nematode
			9.2.1 Biological Control
		9.3 Fungal Antagonists
			9.3.1 Predacious Fungi
			9.3.2 Parasitic Fungi
		9.4 Fungal Antagonists of Meloidogyne graminicola
		9.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 10: Application of Bacillus Species in the Management of Meloidogyne incognita
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Bacillus Species
		10.3 Potential in Crop Development
		10.4 Mode of Action vs. Meloidogyne incognita
		10.5 Advantages and Disadvantages in Bacillus spp. Applications
		10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 11: Pasteuria Species for Nematodes Management in Organic Farms
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 The Rules of Organic Farming
		11.3 Biocontrol and Nematode Regulation in Organic Farming
		11.4 Life Cycle of Pasteuria spp. and Affecting Factors
			11.4.1 Pasteuria Mode of Action
			11.4.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Pasteuria spp. in Organic Farming
			11.4.3 Impact of Crop Production Practices on Pasteuria spp.
				11.4.3.1 General Phytosanitary Measures
				11.4.3.2 Soil Organic Amendments
				11.4.3.3 Ploughing
				11.4.3.4 Crop Sequence
				11.4.3.5 Solarization
				11.4.3.6 Pasteuria Applications
				11.4.3.7 Other Practices
		11.5 Application of Pasteuria spp. for Nematode Control in Organic Farming
			11.5.1 Current Nematode Control Technology via Pasteuria
			11.5.2 Methods of Pasteuria spp. Application
			11.5.3 Awareness-Raising for Practical Use of Pasteuria
		11.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
	Chapter 12: Nematicidal Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Soil Microbes
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Bacterial Secondary Metabolites
			12.2.1 Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzymes
			12.2.2 Nematicidal and Repulsive Metabolites
			12.2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
			12.2.4 Nematicidal VOCs
			12.2.5 Other Bacterial Secondary Metabolites
		12.3 Fungi Secondary Metabolites
		12.4 Other Mechanisms
			12.4.1 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
			12.4.2 Effects on Other BCAs
		12.5 Secondary Metabolites from Other Organisms
		12.6 Conclusions
		12.7 Future Perspectives
		References
Part III: Nematode Management Using Soil Microbes: Applications and Case Studies
	Chapter 13: Plant-Parasitic Nematode Control in Horticultural Crops of Argentina
		13.1 Horticulture in Argentina
		13.2 Nematodes as Horticultural Pests in Argentina
			13.2.1 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
			13.2.2 Non-quarantine Regulated Pests
		13.3 Control of Phytonematodes
			13.3.1 Traditional and Current Phytonematode Management
			13.3.2 Phytosanitary Control
			13.3.3 Non-quarantine-Regulated Pests
		13.4 Microorganisms as Biological Control Tools
			13.4.1 Entomopathogenic Nematodes
			13.4.2 Bacteria
			13.4.3 Fungi
		13.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 14: Towards Innovative Strategies for Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Biocontrol in Olive Tree Nurseries
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Olive Tree Production in Morocco
		14.3 Nursery Olive Tree Production and Management
			14.3.1 Nursery Types
			14.3.2 Substrates Composition, Type and Origin
			14.3.3 Risks of Biological Invasions Through Substrates
			14.3.4 Legislation for Seedlings Certification
		14.4 Olive Phytoparasitic Nematodes
		14.5 Phytoparasitic Nematodes in Olive Nurseries
		14.6 Innovative Control Methods in Nurseries
			14.6.1 Improved Varieties Vs Nematodes
				14.6.1.1 Varieties/Haplotypes Screening
				14.6.1.2 Wild Material as Resistance Source
			14.6.2 Natural Microbial Enemies: Constraints and Opportunities
				14.6.2.1 Nematophagous Fungi: Advantages and Limitations
				14.6.2.2 Nematophagous Fungi Marketed in Morocco
				14.6.2.3 Predator-Prey Specificity
				14.6.2.4 Growth and Production Physiology of Fungal Pathogens
				14.6.2.5 Introducing Saprotrophic Fungi in Poor Soil: the Importance of Organic Matter
		14.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: Biological Engineering and Its Relationship to Nematode Resistance
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Planting Geometry for Nematode Resistance
			15.1.2 Nematode Problems in Egypt
		15.2 Land Equivalent Ratio and Soybean Rhizosphere Nematodes
		15.3 Soybean Cultivation Patterns and Nematode Management
			15.3.1 Soybean Cultivars (cvs) and Cropping Systems
			15.3.2 Cropping Systems
			15.3.3 Soybean Cultivars Yield Response
			15.3.4 Cropping Systems and Cultivars Interaction
			15.3.5 LER and Nematode Parasitism
		15.4 Soybean Cultivars, Cropping Systems and Plant Densities
			15.4.1 Cropping Systems
			15.4.2 Plant Densities
			15.4.3 Effect of Cultivars
			15.4.4 Cropping Systems and Soybean Plant Densities
			15.4.5 Cropping Systems and Cultivars Interaction
			15.4.6 Plant Densities and Cultivars Interaction
			15.4.7 Relationship Between LER and Nematode Parasitism
		15.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Biological Control of Parasitic Nematodes and Pathogenic Fungi Damaging Black Pepper in Vietnam: A Case Study
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Evaluation of Biocidal Potential
			16.2.1 Field Trials
			16.2.2 Evaluation in Dak Lak and Gia Lai Provinces
		16.3 Synergistic Effects on Pathogenic Fungi and Nematodes
			16.3.1 Efficacy Under Field Conditions
			16.3.2 Efficacy in Dak Lak and Gia Lai Provinces
		16.4 Conclusions
		References