Sustainable Groundwater Management: A Comparative Analysis of French and Australian Policies and Implications to Other Countries (Global Issues in Water Policy, 24)

Preface
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Sustainable Groundwater Management in France and Australia: Setting Extraction Limits, Allocating Rights and Reallocation
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Groundwater Management Policies in France and Australia
		1.2.1 Overview of the French Approach
		1.2.2 Overview of the Australian Approach
	1.3 Objectives and Scope of the Book
	1.4 Structure of the Book
		1.4.1 Theme 1: Groundwater and Policy Approaches in France and Australia
		1.4.2 Theme 2: Capping Water Use and Defining Sustainable Abstraction Limits
		1.4.3 Theme 3: Reducing Entitlements to the Sustainable Limit
		1.4.4 Theme 4: France, Australia and International Comparisons
	References
Chapter 2: Groundwater in France: Resources, Use and Management Issues
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Overview of the Groundwater Resources in France
		2.2.1 Alluvial Aquifers
		2.2.2 Sedimentary Basin Aquifers
		2.2.3 Crystalline and Volcanic Rock Aquifers
		2.2.4 Karst Aquifers
	2.3 Groundwater Usage
		2.3.1 Historical Development of Groundwater Use
		2.3.2 Trends in Water Use by Sector
		2.3.3 Groundwater Use in Agriculture
		2.3.4 Groundwater and Drinking Water Supplies
		2.3.5 Strategic Groundwater Resources
	2.4 Groundwater Management Issues
		2.4.1 Quality Issues
		2.4.2 Quantity Issues
		2.4.3 Long Term Challenges
			2.4.3.1 Climate Change and Recharge
			2.4.3.2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
		2.4.4 Future Changes in Groundwater Use
		2.4.5 Emerging Adaptation Strategies
			2.4.5.1 New Groundwater Management Strategies and Policies
			2.4.5.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge
			2.4.5.3 Active Groundwater Management
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Groundwater Policy in France: From Private to Collective Management
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Protecting Deep Aquifers for the Public Good
		3.2.1 Science Discovers How Groundwater Flows
		3.2.2 The First Regulation: The 1935 Water Act
		3.2.3 Extending the Scope of the Water Act: 1935–1985
	3.3 The Emergence of an Integrated Approach to Surface and Groundwater Management
		3.3.1 The Development of Groundwater Use in Agriculture
		3.3.2 Water Becomes the Heritage of the Nation (1992)
		3.3.3 The Problems of Implementation
	3.4 Towards Volumetric Management
		3.4.1 The Emergence of Volumetric Management
		3.4.2 Individual Appropriation of the Resource
	3.5 Towards Collective Management
		3.5.1 The 2006 Water Act
		3.5.2 Gradual and Differentiated Implementation
	3.6 Discussion
		3.6.1 Refusing Individual Appropriation
	3.7 Future Challenges
	References
Chapter 4: Groundwater Management Planning at the River Basin District Level: Comparative Analysis of the Adour-Garonne and Loire-Bretagne River Basins
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The French Approach to Water Management Planning
		4.2.1 The Creation of River Basin Agencies (1964)
		4.2.2 The Introduction of Management Plans (1992)
		4.2.3 Planning, a New European Obligation
	4.3 Groundwater Management Planning in the Adour-Garonne Basin
		4.3.1 The Emergence of the “Groundwater” Problem
		4.3.2 Groundwater in the First SDAGE (1996)
		4.3.3 The Revisions of the SDAGE from 2010 to 2016
	4.4 Groundwater Management Planning in the Loire-Bretagne Basin
		4.4.1 The Context Leading Up to the Implementation of the SDAGE
		4.4.2 Groundwater in the First SDAGE (1996)
		4.4.3 The Revisions of the SDAGE from 2010 to 2016
	4.5 Discussion
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Lessons from Twenty Years of Local Volumetric Groundwater Management: The Case of the Beauce Aquifer, Central France
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Beauce Aquifer
		5.2.1 The Resource
		5.2.2 Groundwater Uses and Their Development
		5.2.3 The Onset of Overextraction
	5.3 Second Stage: Introducing a Provisional Mechanism for Volumetric Management (1999–2005)
		5.3.1 The SDAGE Sets the Guidelines
		5.3.2 A Provisional Approach Prior to the Local Water Management Plan
		5.3.3 Implementation of the First Volumetric Management System
		5.3.4 How the Agricultural Sector Accepted the Measure
	5.4 Third Stage: Revising the Volumetric Management System in the Framework of the Local Water Management Plan (2005–2013)
		5.4.1 Volumetric Management Does Not Prevent Rivers from Drying Up
		5.4.2 Aquifer Modelling Indicates That Abstraction Must Be Reduced
		5.4.3 The New Volumetric Management System
		5.4.4 The Implementation of the New Volumetric Management System
	5.5 Outlook
		5.5.1 Additional Measures that Have Been Introduced or Envisaged
		5.5.2 Considering Climate Change
		5.5.3 The Collective Water Management Groups for Irrigation (OUGCs)
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Groundwater in Australia: Occurrence and Management Issues
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Groundwater Resources in Australia
	6.3 Groundwater Use
		6.3.1 Historical Development of Groundwater
		6.3.2 Groundwater Usage
	6.4 Groundwater Management Issues
		6.4.1 Overallocation and Overuse of Groundwater
		6.4.2 Impacts of Groundwater Extraction on Surface-Water Systems
		6.4.3 Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems
		6.4.4 Effect of Climate Change on Availability and Quality of Groundwater Resources
		6.4.5 Impacts of Mining on Groundwater Systems
		6.4.6 Seawater Intrusion
		6.4.7 Salinisation of Land and Groundwater Resources
	6.5 Future Challenges
		6.5.1 Managed Aquifer Recharge
		6.5.2 Declining Resources for Understanding and Managing Groundwater
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: The Evolution of Groundwater Management Policy in the States of Australia
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Case Studies
		7.2.1 Risk-Based Approach – South Australia and Other Similar Jurisdictions
		7.2.2 Universal Approach: Victoria and Other Similar Jurisdictions
	7.3 Conclusion
Chapter 8: Developing a Coordinated Groundwater Management Plan for the Interstate Murray-Darling Basin
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Groundwater Systems in the MDB
		8.2.1 Hydrogeology
		8.2.2 Groundwater Development
		8.2.3 Groundwater Salinity Issues
	8.3 The History of Water Management in the MDB
	8.4 Groundwater and the Basin Plan
		8.4.1 Determining Sustainable Diversion Limits
	8.5 Future Issues
	References
Chapter 9: Information Systems for Sustainable Management of Groundwater Extraction in France and Australia
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 A Framework to Analyse the Development of Groundwater Monitoring and Information Systems
		9.2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Networks
		9.2.2 Challenges and Difficulties
	9.3 Groundwater Information Systems in France
		9.3.1 History of Groundwater Data and Metadata Collection in France
		9.3.2 The National Water Information System
		9.3.3 ADES: The National Portal for Groundwater
		9.3.4 BNPE: The National Water Abstraction Database
		9.3.5 Other Information Systems on Groundwater at Local/Regional Scale
	9.4 Groundwater Information Systems in Australia
		9.4.1 Historical Development of Groundwater Information Systems
		9.4.2 Organisation of Groundwater Information Systems
		9.4.3 Case Study 1: Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Western Australia
		9.4.4 Case Study 2: The Bureau of Meteorology
	9.5 Lessons Learned, Future Challenges and Opportunities
		9.5.1 Comparative Analysis of the Historical Development of GWIS in France and Australia
		9.5.2 Lessons Learnt
		9.5.3 Future Developments
	References
Chapter 10: The Challenge of Making Groundwater Visible: A Review of Communication Approaches and Tools in France
	10.1 Exploring the Social Depth of Groundwater and Issues of Communication
	10.2 Learning from Pioneering Experiences
		10.2.1 Methodology
			10.2.1.1 Eleven Cases of Policy Instruments Dedicated to Aquifers
			10.2.1.2 Inventory and Analysis of the Uses
		10.2.2 Framework of Analyse
			10.2.2.1 Who Participates?
			10.2.2.2 Which Issues Are Made Visible and According to What Normative Stance?
			10.2.2.3 Which Format of Interaction?
	10.3 A Wide Range of Activities and Tools to Make Groundwater Visible
		10.3.1 Increase in the Available Information
			10.3.1.1 Internet Used to Share Information, but Rare Use of Social Networks
			10.3.1.2 Traditional Media: Visibility in the Regional Press
		10.3.2 Toward Conventional Representations
			10.3.2.1 Indicators for Information, Alerts and Regulation
			10.3.2.2 Maps: Essential Tools
		10.3.3 The Potential of Arts, Field Visits and Intermediaries
			10.3.3.1 Groundwater Is Not Photogenic but Inspires Fictions
			10.3.3.2 Rallying Around Aquifers
	10.4 Discussion and Conclusion: How to Make Groundwater More Visible?
		10.4.1 Diversify the Format of Communication: From Scientific Reports to Art
		10.4.2 Foster the Unconfining of Groundwater Management
			10.4.2.1 Develop Scientific Knowledge and Create Indicators
			10.4.2.2 Make People Understand the Specificities of Groundwater in General or the Local Resource in Particular
			10.4.2.3 Change Practices: Save Water, Reduce Pollution, Increase Available Resources
			10.4.2.4 Develop Governance and Participation of Concerned People
		10.4.3 Build on Local Communities
		10.4.4 Recognize and Promote Spokespersons for the Aquifers
	References
Chapter 11: Conceptual Approaches, Methods and Models Used to Assess Abstraction Limits for Unconfined Aquifers in France
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Review of Methods and Tools for MPV Calculation
		11.2.1 General Approach for Assessing MPV in the Context of an Unconfined Aquifer
		11.2.2 Calculating Maximum Permissible Volume Without Using a Groundwater Model
		11.2.3 Calculating Maximum Permissible Volume Using Global Models
		11.2.4 Calculating Maximum Permissible Volume by Spatialized Modelling
	11.3 Main Difficulties Encountered and Limits of the Studies
		11.3.1 Lack of Abstraction Data
		11.3.2 Insufficient Resource Monitoring Data
		11.3.3 Differences in Definition of Flow-Rate/Discharge Objectives
		11.3.4 Limitations Associated with the Global Models
		11.3.5 Limitations Associated with the Spatialized Models
	11.4 From Technical Evaluation to Decision Making: The Example of the Adour Garonne Basin
		11.4.1 Economic Consequences of Reducing the MPV
		11.4.2 Opposition from the Farming Profession and First Political Concessions by the State
		11.4.3 The Conflict Reached the Presidency
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Setting Sustainable Abstraction Limits in Confined Aquifers: Example from Deep Confined Aquifers in the Bordeaux Region, France
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Groundwater Resources: Usage and Management Stakes
		12.2.1 Hydrogeological Context
		12.2.2 Groundwater Uses
		12.2.3 Which Resources Are Used Today and for What Purpose?
		12.2.4 The Management Issues for the Confined Aquifers of the Gironde
	12.3 From Understanding Aquifers to Groundwater Dynamics
		12.3.1 Knowledge of Groundwater System
		12.3.2 Piezometric Level Monitoring
		12.3.3 Development of Groundwater Modelling Tools
	12.4 From the First Precautionary Measures to the Current Management Approach
		12.4.1 The First Regulations for Using Deep Aquifers: 1956–1990
		12.4.2 Start of a Planned Water-Abstraction Management Regime (1991–1998)
		12.4.3 Creation and Implementation of the Deep Aquifers SAGE (1998–2017)
	12.5 Overexploitation and Maximum Permissible Volumes Objectives
		12.5.1 How to Define the Overexploitation of a Confined Aquifer
		12.5.2 Calculation of Maximum Permissible Volumes
	12.6 Management Rules for the Deep Gironde Aquifers
		12.6.1 Water Conservation Policy
		12.6.2 Resource Substitutions
		12.6.3 Eco Conditions, Technical Specifications and Master Plans
	12.7 Conclusions – The Lessons Learned
	References
Chapter 13: A Tool to Determine Annual Ground-Water Allocations in the Tarn-et-Garonne Alluvial Aquifer (France)
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Presentation of the Case Study
		13.2.1 Geographic and Climatic Context
		13.2.2 Geological Context and the Groundwater Resource
		13.2.3 The Uses of Surface and Groundwater
		13.2.4 The Challenge of Managing Groundwater
	13.3 Managing Abstraction Based on Flow Rate: 1996–2006
		13.3.1 The 1992 Water Act
		13.3.2 Acquiring a Knowledge Base for Alluvial Aquifers
		13.3.3 Defining the Riverside Aquifer
		13.3.4 Developing the Groundwater Flow Model
		13.3.5 From the Model to the Management Tool for Abstraction
		13.3.6 The Procedure for Allocating Annual Authorisations for Abstraction
		13.3.7 Limitations of the Management Procedure
	13.4 Volumetric Management of Abstraction: 2007–2015
		13.4.1 Setting Up a Groundwater Monitoring System
		13.4.2 The Revision of the Groundwater Model
		13.4.3 A Tool to Assess the Annual Water Allocation
		13.4.4 Differentiating Between Water Entitlements and Allocation
	13.5 The Emergence of Collective Management
	13.6 Conclusion
		13.6.1 Opportunities for Improvement
		13.6.2 Compliance and Enforcement
	References
Chapter 14: Conceptual Approaches, Methods and Models Used to Assess Extraction Limits in Australia: From Sustainable to Acceptable Yield
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Evolution of Sustainable Yield Estimation in Australia
	14.3 Navigating the Limitations of ‘Sustainable Yield’
	14.4 The Impacts of Water Management Reforms on Sustainable Groundwater Management
	14.5 The Murray Darling Basin Plan
	14.6 A New Way of Thinking
	14.7 Risk-Based Approach to Groundwater Management
	14.8 Resource Condition Limits
	14.9 What Next?
	References
Chapter 15: Case Study: An Integrated Approach to Determining Sustainable Abstraction Limits in Perth’s North West Urban Growth Corridor
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Background
		15.2.1 Impacts of Climate Change
		15.2.2 Hydrogeology
		15.2.3 Management Framework
	15.3 Case Study
	15.4 Lessons Learned
	References
Chapter 16: Using Resource Condition Limits to Define Groundwater Management Objectives in the Barossa Valley, South Australia
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Background
	16.3 Hydrogeology of the Barossa PWRA
	16.4 History of Groundwater Use and Management in the Barossa PWRA
	16.5 A New Approach to Groundwater Management
	16.6 Setting Volumetric Extraction Limits
		16.6.1 Lyndoch Creek Catchment Test Case
	16.7 Further Refinements in Quantitative Management
	16.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Reducing Entitlements When Groundwater Has Been Over-Allocated: Policy Issues and Options
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Overview of Australia’s Approach to Addressing Over-Allocation of Groundwater
	17.3 Example 1: NSW – Achieving Sustainable Groundwater Entitlement Program
	17.4 Example 2: Queensland – Moreton Moratorium
	17.5 Example 3: Conjunctive Management and Collective Action in South Australia – Angas Bremer
	17.6 Example 4: MDB – Sustainable Rural Water Use and Infrastructure Program
	17.7 Conclusion and Future Challenges
	References
Chapter 18: Developing Substitution Resources as Compensation for Reduced Groundwater Entitlements: The Case of the Poitou Marshes (France)
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Case Study Area, Water Resources, and Their Uses
		18.2.1 A Unique Geological and Hydrogeological Context
		18.2.2 The Development History of the Poitevin Marshes
		18.2.3 Water Use
		18.2.4 The Southern Vendée, an Emblematic Sector
	18.3 Implementation of Collective Water Management
		18.3.1 The Irrigation Expansion Period and the First Problems
		18.3.2 1992: First Steps in Collective Management
		18.3.3 1995: The Start of Collective Management Fully Involving Farmers
		18.3.4 Recent Evolution: Toward a Suppression of the Structural Deficit
		18.3.5 The Effectiveness of Management Measures
	18.4 The Groundwater Model Developed to Improve Knowledge, Assist Management, and Guide Investments
		18.4.1 Presentation of the Hydrogeologic Model
		18.4.2 Uses of the Model to Manage the Marshes
			18.4.2.1 2007–2010. First Use of the Model to Manage Groundwater in the Poitevin Marsh Sector
			18.4.2.2 2011–2016. Simulations of Establishing Substitution Reservoirs
	18.5 The Reduction of Entitlements
		18.5.1 Reduction Process
		18.5.2 Temporal and Operational Management
		18.5.3 Water Management Based on Unity Among All Irrigation Users on Sector Scale
		18.5.4 Governance Report by a Non-agricultural OUGC
	18.6 Lessons Learnt
	References
Chapter 19: New Approaches for Allocation Reductions and Groundwater Salinity Management in South Australia
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Hydrogeology
	19.3 Management Intervention
		19.3.1 Determination of Volumetric Allocations
		19.3.2 Community Consultation
	19.4 Management Approach
	19.5 Review of the 2003 Water Allocation Plan
	19.6 Allocation Reduction Process
	19.7 Revised Water Allocation Plan
	References
Chapter 20: Reducing Groundwater Entitlements in the Lower Murrumbidgee Groundwater Management Area
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 A Brief History – The Murrumbidgee Groundwater Resource
	20.3 The Lower Murrumbidgee Water Sharing Plan
		20.3.1 Murrumbidgee Groundwater Preservation Association v Minister for Natural Resources [2004] NSWLEC 122
		20.3.2 Murrumbidgee Groundwater Preservation Association Inc v Minister for Natural Resources (2005) 138 LGERA 11
	20.4 Achieving Sustainable Groundwater Entitlements (ASGE)
	20.5 Discussion and Recommendations
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21: Development of Groundwater Markets in Australia: Insights from Victoria in the Murray Darling Basin
	21.1 Water Market Reform in Australia
	21.2 The Rationale for Market Trading
	21.3 How Water Markets Work
	21.4 Progress in Water Markets
	21.5 Social Barriers to Trade
	21.6 Physical Barriers to Trade
	21.7 Interaction of Commonwealth Legislation and State Management of Trade
	21.8 Case Study: Groundwater Markets in Victoria
	21.9 Lessons from Victoria and the Future of Groundwater Trade with Climate Change
	21.10 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 22: Groundwater Regulation, Compliance and Enforcement: Insights on Regulators, Regulated Actors and Frameworks in New South Wales, Australia
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Compliance Framework for Understanding and Analysing Groundwater Compliance and Enforcement in Australia
		22.2.1 Motivations
		22.2.2 Characteristics
		22.2.3 Regulation and Enforcement Strategies
		22.2.4 Regulatory Pluralism
	22.3 Groundwater Compliance and Enforcement: Experiences from NSW
		22.3.1 NSW Water Regulators – The Ongoing Evolution of Compliance and Enforcement Agencies
		22.3.2 NSW Water Users – Motivations, Characteristics and Third Parties
			22.3.2.1 Motivations for Compliance and Non-compliance
			22.3.2.2 Characteristics of Water Users and Compliance
			22.3.2.3 The Role of Non-government Parties
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 23: Compliance and Enforcement: The Achilles Heel of French Water Policy
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Key Regulatory Provisions for Groundwater Abstraction
		23.2.1 Administrative Provisions for Constructing Wells and Boreholes
		23.2.2 Administrative Provisions for Water Abstraction
		23.2.3 Temporary Restrictions on Water Use
	23.3 The Organisation of Water Policing Services
		23.3.1 A Transversal Mission Involving Several Government Agencies
		23.3.2 A Dual Mission: Judicial and Administrative Enforcement
	23.4 The Water Police’s Methods of Intervention
		23.4.1 Limited Monitoring Pressure
		23.4.2 An Inter-institutional Control Plan
		23.4.3 How Controls Are Conducted
		23.4.4 Coordination Between the Water Police and the Judicial System
	23.5 Level of Compliance: Observations and Interpretation
		23.5.1 Statistical Information on Compliance
		23.5.2 Type of Infractions Observed
		23.5.3 Factors that Determine Non-compliance
		23.5.4 Factors That Facilitate Compliance
		23.5.5 A Behavioural Typology
	23.6 Improving the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Agencies
		23.6.1 The Main Difficulties Reported by the Law Enforcement Officers
		23.6.2 Past and Future Evolution
	23.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 24: Tracing the Impact of Agricultural Policies on Irrigation Water Demand and Groundwater Extraction in France
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Irrigation Development and Groundwater Use in France
		24.2.1 Increasing Food Production Through Irrigation: 1945–1992
		24.2.2 The Difficult Reform of a Productivist Model: 1992–2003
			24.2.2.1 A System of Direct Payments Incentivising Irrigation Use
			24.2.2.2 The Growth of Agri-Environmental Measures in Rural Development Policy
		24.2.3 Tackling Production Incentives, Promoting Good Practice: 2003 Onwards
			24.2.3.1 Des-incentivising Irrigation in Direct Payments
			24.2.3.2 Promoting Good Practice in Irrigation Development and Management
	24.3 Collective Approaches for Quantitative Groundwater Management in Agricultural Areas
		24.3.1 Establishing Volumetric Management of Agricultural Abstraction
		24.3.2 Emerging “Territorial” Contracts Between Agricultural Water Users and the State
		24.3.3 The “projet de territoire”: An Integration of Agricultural and Water Policies, and Regional Development?
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 25: Groundwater Management Lessons from Chile
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Legal and Institutional Framework
		25.2.1 Initial Allocation of Groundwater Use Rights
		25.2.2 Procedure to Restrict Groundwater Use to Ensure Sustainable Groundwater Exploitation
		25.2.3 Groundwater User Associations or Aquifer Management Organizations
		25.2.4 Reallocation of Groundwater Use Rights Through Markets
		25.2.5 Summary
	25.3 Groundwater Management in the Copiapo Valley
		25.3.1 Case Study Presentation
		25.3.2 Factors Explaining Overexploitation
			25.3.2.1 Limited Knowledge of the Groundwater
			25.3.2.2 Legal Complexity and Political Pressures
			25.3.2.3 Poorly-Defined Water Permits
			25.3.2.4 Compliance and Enforcement Problems
		25.3.3 The Challenge of Collective Action
	25.4 Groundwater Management in the Pampa de Tamarugal
		25.4.1 The Pampa del Tamarugal Aquifer
		25.4.2 Groundwater Use and Management
		25.4.3 The Declaration of a Restricted Area
		25.4.4 Groundwater Monitoring and Control
		25.4.5 Groundwater User Community
		25.4.6 Creation of Scientific Knowledge on the Aquifer
		25.4.7 Actors’ Actions and Discourses Relating to Groundwater Management
		25.4.8 A “Status Quo” Situation
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 26: California’s 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act – From the Back Seat to the Driver Seat in the (Inter)National Groundwater Sustainability Movement
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 California’s Water Rights Framework
	26.3 History of California’s Groundwater Management Policy
	26.4 Principles of Sustainable Groundwater Management in California
	26.5 People: Communication and Engagement in the GSP Process
	26.6 Creating the Knowledge Base: GSP Monitoring, Assessing, Reporting
	26.7 Aligning Water Use with Abstraction Limits: GSP Projects
	26.8 Designing an Effective Enforcement System
	26.9 SGMA and GSPs at the Intersection with Other Laws and Rights
	References
Chapter 27: Changing from Unrestricted Access to Sustainable Abstraction Management Regimes: Lessons Learnt from France and Australia
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Bringing Groundwater Management on the Political Agenda (Stage 1)
	27.3 Increasing the Knowledge Base (Stage 2)
	27.4 Defining and Allocating Groundwater Use Rights (Stage 3)
		27.4.1 Property Status
		27.4.2 Conditions Under Which a WUR Is Required
		27.4.3 Specification of Groundwater Use Rights
		27.4.4 Duration and Transferability
		27.4.5 Use Priorities
		27.4.6 Allocation Rules
	27.5 Defining Sustainable Objectives and Setting Extraction Limits (Stage 4)
		27.5.1 French Approach
		27.5.2 Why the Difference?
		27.5.3 Common Challenges
	27.6 Returning Over-Allocated and Overused Groundwater Systems to Sustainable Levels of Extraction (Stage 5)
	27.7 Stage 6 – Implementing a Cost-Effective Enforcement System (Stage 6)
		27.7.1 Common Factors Explaining Compliance and Non-compliance
		27.7.2 Common Features of Enforcement
	27.8 Conclusion
		27.8.1 Similar Approaches to Groundwater Management
		27.8.2 A Different Visio of Water Use Rights
		27.8.3 Common Challenges
	References