Sustainable Ethanol and Climate Change: Sustainability Assessment for Ethanol Distilleries

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Sustainable Ethanol Production: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Feedstock: Accessibility and Limitations
		1.2.1 Sugary Feed Stock
		1.2.2 Starchy Feed Stock
		1.2.3 Cellulosic Feed Stock
	1.3 Fermentation
	1.4 Recovery of Ethanol
		1.4.1 Reverse Osmosis
		1.4.2 Membrane Separation
		1.4.3 Distillation
	1.5 Sustainability and Socioeconomic Aspects of Ethanol Production
		1.5.1 Sustainable Aspects
		1.5.2 Economic Aspects
		1.5.3 Social Aspects
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
2 Sustainable Approaches Toward the Production of Bioethanol from Biomass
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Commonly Used Feedstocks for Sustainable Bioethanol Production
		2.2.1 Sugar or Sucrose-Mediated Feedstocks
		2.2.2 Starch-Mediated Feedstocks
		2.2.3 Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
	2.3 Biochemical Reactions Involved in Transformation of Vegetative Biomass to Bioethanol
	2.4 Overview of Industrial Scale Formation of Bioethanol
		2.4.1 Formation of Bioethanol via Sugar-Mediated Feedstock
		2.4.2 Formation of Bioethanol via Starch-Mediated Feedstock
		2.4.3 Formation of Bioethanol via Lignocellulosic-Mediated Biomass by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation
		2.4.4 Formation of Bioethanol via Lignocellulosic-Mediated Biomass by Gasification and Fermentation
	2.5 Recent Approaches for Sustainable Production of Bioethanol
		2.5.1 Obtaining Bioethanol from Acid Pretreated Indian Bamboo Variety by Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation
		2.5.2 Production of Bioethanol from Sweet Sorghum Bagasse by Microwave Irradiation
		2.5.3 Ultrasonic-Based Simultaneous SSF of Pretreated Oil Palm Fronds to Obtain Bioethanol
		2.5.4 Low Energy Consumption Integrated Method to Transform Sucrose and Homocelluloses in Sweet Sorghum Stalks into Bioethanol
		2.5.5 Usefulness of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound to Obtain Bioethanol
		2.5.6 Production of Bioethanol from Water Hyacinth Eichhornia Crassipes
		2.5.7 Bioethanol Production via Fermentation of Lemon Peel Wastes Pretreated with Steam Explosion
		2.5.8 Sono-Mediated Enzymatic Saccharification of Sugarcane Bagasse to Obtain Bioethanol
		2.5.9 Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysis Approach Using Yeast Cellulolytic Enzymes
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Organic Waste Utilization for Sustainable Ethanol Production
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Bioethanol Utilization
	3.3 Advantages of Bioethanol
	3.4 Organic Waste Production and Utilization
	3.5 Organic Waste Utilization for Bioethanol Production
		3.5.1 Wood
		3.5.2 Manures
		3.5.3 Agriculture Crops
		3.5.4 Sugarcane Bagasse
		3.5.5 Vegetables and Fruits
		3.5.6 Organic Waste-Based Biomolecules for Bioethanol Production
	3.6 Algal Feedstock for Bioethanol
		3.6.1 Microalgae for Bioethanol Production
	3.7 Life-Cycle Analysis of Biofuel Production from Biowastes
		3.7.1 LCA Methodology
		3.7.2 Scope and Goals
		3.7.3 Inventory Analysis of Life Cycle
		3.7.4 Impact Assessment of Life Cycle
		3.7.5 Overall Interpretation
		3.7.6 Some Recent Studies of LCA of Biowaste Utilizations
	3.8 Sustainable Production and Utilization of Bioethanol (Future Perspective)
	References
4 Marine Algae—Sustainable Raw Material for Bioethanol Production
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Brief Characterization of Marine Algae
	4.3 Growth and Preparation of Marine Algae Raw Material
	4.4 Technological Stages of Bioethanol Production from Marine Algae Biomass
		4.4.1 Pretreatment
		4.4.2 Hydrolysis
		4.4.3 Fermentation
		4.4.4 Distillation
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Microbial Genome Engineering for Sustainable Ethanol Production: An Overview
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Sources of LCB
		5.2.1 Forest Woody Feedstocks
		5.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste
		5.2.3 Agricultural Residues
		5.2.4 Industrial Waste
		5.2.5 Microalgae
	5.3 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
	5.4 Bioconversion of LCB into Bioethanol
		5.4.1 Pretreatment of LCB
		5.4.2 Hydrolysis of Pretreated LCB
		5.4.3 Fermentation
		5.4.4 Product Purification
	5.5 Microbial Role in Ethanol Production from LCB
		5.5.1 Role in Pretreatment and Detoxification
		5.5.2 Role in Hydrolysis
		5.5.3 Role in Fermentation
	5.6 Genome Engineering: The Dawn of the Modern Genomics Era
	5.7 Genome Engineering for Enhanced Ethanol Production Using CRISPR-Cas9
		5.7.1 Engineering for Lignocellulose Utilization
		5.7.2 Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
		5.7.3 Engineering for Thermo-Tolerance Development
		5.7.4 Engineering for Cofactor Specificity
		5.7.5 Engineering for Enhancing Ethanol Tolerance
	5.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
	References
6 Impact of CO2 Discharge from Distilleries on Climate Changes: Key Facts
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Introduction of Distilleries and Spent Wash
	6.3 Physics and Chemistry of Climate
	6.4 Different Layers of Atmosphere:
		6.4.1 Four Main Layers of Atmosphere
	6.5 Climate Change Due to Earth Temperature Variation
		6.5.1 Effect of Climate on Antarctic and Arctic Region
		6.5.2 Evidences of Climate Variation
	6.6 Distilleries Discharge into Oceans
	6.7 Effect of Distilleries Effluent is the Evidence for Climate Change
	6.8 Comparison Between Distilleries Discharge of Oceans and Atmospheric CO2
	6.9 Evidences of Climate Change Due to Distilleries Discharge
		6.9.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas and the Main Cause of Global Warming Effect
	6.10 6.9 CO2 Responsible for the Climate Variations
		6.10.1 Direct and In-Direct Effect of CO2
		6.10.2 Human Activities as a Source of CO2
		6.10.3 Effect of CO2 on Global Warming
		6.10.4 Effect of Climate Change on Surface Water
		6.10.5 Effect of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Human Health
		6.10.6 Management of CO2 Necessity and Technologies
		6.10.7 National and International Report and Process for CO2 Decomposition
		6.10.8 Future Prospects
		6.10.9 Conclusion
	References
7 Materialization of CO2 from Distilleries in Algae-Based Biofuel and Biomass
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG-7) and Renewable Energy
	7.3 Trends to Invest in Renewable Energy Sources to Achieve SDG-7
	7.4 Role of Algae as a Renewable Energy Source
	7.5 Pretreatment Methods of Distillery Wastewater
		7.5.1 Physiochemical Treatment Methods
		7.5.2 Biological Treatment Methods
	7.6 Anaerobic Treatment
	7.7 Aerobic Treatment
	7.8 Aquaculture
	7.9 Constructed Wetlands
	7.10 Role of Enzymes
	7.11 Bacterial Role
	7.12 Algal Species
		7.12.1 Purify Wastewaters
		7.12.2 Algae Consume CO2
		7.12.3 Algae Can Have High Biofuel Yields
		7.12.4 Used for Feed and Food
		7.12.5 Energy Source
		7.12.6 Fast Growth
		7.12.7 Useful Products
	7.13 Mechanism to Fix Carbon in Algae
	7.14 Production/Cultivation Systems 
	7.15 Open Pond Systems
	7.16 Enclosed Systems
	7.17 Heterotrophic Fermentation
	7.18 Mixed Systems
	7.19 Coordinated Systems
	7.20 Simultaneous Separation Processes
	7.21 Techniques to Extract Biofuels from Algae
		7.21.1 Two Extraction Methods
	7.22 Conclusion
	References
8 Sustainable Biogas Production from Distillery Wastewater
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Characteristics of Distillery Wastewater or Spent Wash
	8.3 Ecotoxicity and Health Risks Related to Distillery Spent Wash
	8.4 Treatment Procedures for Distillery Wastewater or Spent Wash
		8.4.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
		8.4.2 Adsorption
		8.4.3 Anaerobic Treatment
		8.4.4 UASB Reactors
		8.4.5 Aerobic Treatment
		8.4.6 Bacterial Treatment
		8.4.7 Mycoremediation
		8.4.8 Phycoremediation
	8.5 Production of Biogas
	8.6 Electricity Production from Biogas
	8.7 Role of Biogas Toward Sustainable Development
	8.8 Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Through Biogas Production
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
9 Policy Implications for Sustainable Ethanol Production
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources of Ethanol Production in Pakistan
	9.3 Ethanol Prospectus in Pakistan
	9.4 Impact of Bioethanol Production
	9.5 Bioethanol Trends
	9.6 Policy Drivers for Bioethanol
		9.6.1 Socio-economic Impact of Bioethanol Production
		9.6.2 Live Hood Services
	9.7 Biofuel Policies in Major Biofuel Producing Countries
		9.7.1 Malaysia
		9.7.2 Brazil
		9.7.3 European Union
		9.7.4 Thailand
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10 Environmental Impacts of Ethanol Production System
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Impact of Ethanol Production Technologies
		10.2.1 Conventional Corn Starch Ethanol
		10.2.2 Cellulosic Ethanol
		10.2.3 Comparison of Environmental Impacts
	10.3 Impact of Ethanol Dehydration Methods
	10.4 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	10.5 Other Impacts (Acidification, Toxicity, Impacts on Biodiversity, Soil, Water, and Land Use Aspects)
		10.5.1 Soil Utilizes Perspectives
		10.5.2 Water Utilizes Viewpoints
		10.5.3 Biodiversity Impacts
		10.5.4 Land Use Aspects
	10.6 Conclusion
	References