Catalysis for Sustainable Energy Production

Front Cover\r......Page 1
Title Page\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 4
Copyright\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 5
Table of Contents\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 6
Foreword\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 13
Epilogue......Page 17
List of Contributors......Page 18
Part One\rFuel Cells\r......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2 Principles and Different Kinds of Fuel Cells 1.2.1 Working Principles of a Fuel Cell......Page 25
1.2.1.1 The Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells......Page 26
1.2.1.2 The Kinetics of Fuel Cells......Page 27
1.2.1.3 Catalysis of Fuel Cell Reactions Electrocatalysis and the Rate of Electrochemical Reactions......Page 30
1.2.2.1 Fuels for Fuel Cells......Page 35
1.2.2.3 Methanol and Ethanol-fed Fuel Cells......Page 37
1.3.1.1 Principle of a PEMFC......Page 38
1.3.1.2 The Proton Exchange Membrane......Page 39
1.3.1.6 Auxiliary and Control Equipment......Page 40
1.3.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) 1.3.2.1 Principle of the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell......Page 42
1.3.2.2 Reaction Mechanisms of Ethanol Oxidation......Page 43
1.3.2.3 DEFC Tests......Page 47
1.4.1 Development of a Solid Alkaline Membrane for Fuel Cell Application......Page 50
1.4.2 Anodic Catalysts in Alkaline Medium......Page 53
1.4.3 Cathodic Catalysts in Alkaline Medium......Page 59
1.5 Conclusion......Page 63
2.1 Introduction......Page 68
2.2 Experimental......Page 70
2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Water Balance, Maximum Air Feed Rate and Implications for Cathode Performance......Page 72
2.3.2 Stack Performance......Page 78
2.3.3 Thermal Balance and Waste Heat Rejection......Page 85
2.3.4 Stack Life Test Results......Page 86
2.4 Conclusions......Page 88
3.1 Introduction......Page 91
3.2.2 Preparation of Nanotunneled Mesoporous H-CNF......Page 93
3.3 Results 3.3.1 Structural Effects of CNFs......Page 94
3.3.2 Catalytic Performance of CNFs in Half and Single Cells......Page 96
3.3.4 Catalytic Performance of Nanotunneled Mesoporous Thick H-CNF......Page 98
3.3.5 Effect of the Dispersion of Thin and Very Thin H-CNFs on the Catalyst Activity......Page 101
3.4 Discussion......Page 104
4.2 The Current Grand Challenges......Page 108
4.3 Power......Page 109
4.3.3 Specific Calculations for Ideal Electric Powertrains......Page 111
4.3.4 A Roadmap of Feasibility with Batteries and Supercapacitors......Page 114
4.3.5 The Need for Range Extenders......Page 115
4.3.5.1 Direct Thermoelectric Generators......Page 117
4.4 A Great New Opportunity for True Zero Emissions......Page 120
4.5 Advanced Systems Integration......Page 121
4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 122
Part Two\rHydrogen Storage\r......Page 125
5.2 Hydrogen Storage Methods......Page 126
5.3 Pressurized Hydrogen......Page 128
5.3.1 Properties of Compressed Hydrogen......Page 129
5.3.2 Pressure Vessel......Page 130
5.3.3 Volumetric and Gravimetric Hydrogen Density......Page 131
5.3.4 Microspheres......Page 132
5.4 Liquid Hydrogen......Page 134
5.4.1 Liquefaction Process......Page 135
5.4.2 Storage Vessel......Page 136
5.4.3 Gravimetric and Volumetric Hydrogen Density......Page 137
5.5 Physisorption 5.5.1 Van der Waals Interaction......Page 138
5.5.2 Adsorption Isotherm......Page 139
5.5.3 Hydrogen and Carbon Nanotubes......Page 140
5.6 Metal Hydrides 5.6.1 Interstitial Hydrides......Page 145
5.6.2 Hydrogen Absorption......Page 147
5.6.3 Empirical Models......Page 150
5.6.4 Lattice Gas Model......Page 154
5.7 Complex Hydrides......Page 158
5.7.1 Tetrahydroalanates......Page 160
5.7.2 Tetrahydroborates......Page 165
5.8.1 Zinc Cycle......Page 171
5.8.2 Borohydride......Page 173
5.9 New Hydrogen Storage Materials......Page 174
5.9.1 Amides and Imides (......Page 175
5.9.3 AlH......Page 177
5.9.4 Metal Hydrides with Short H-H-Distance......Page 178
5.9.6 Destabilization of MgH......Page 179
5.9.8 Borazane......Page 180
Part Three H2 and Hydrogen Vectors Production\r......Page 187
6.1 Introduction......Page 188
6.2 Catalyst Design......Page 194
6.2.1 Impregnated Catalysts: the Role of Metal, Support and Promoters......Page 196
6.2.2 Emerging Strategies: Embedded Catalysts......Page 198
6.3.1 Catalytic Steam Reforming......Page 200
6.3.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation......Page 203
6.3.3 Autothermal Reforming......Page 204
6.3.4 Aqueous Phase Reforming......Page 205
6.4.1 Methanol......Page 208
6.4.2 Ethanol......Page 212
6.4.3 Dimethyl Ether......Page 218
6.4.4 Acetic Acid......Page 222
6.4.5 Sugars......Page 225
6.4.6 Ethylene Glycol......Page 229
6.4.7 Glycerol......Page 234
6.5 Conclusions......Page 237
6.6 List of Abbreviations......Page 238
7.1 Introduction......Page 249
7.2 Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 251
7.3 Kinetic Considerations......Page 253
7.3.2 Ohmic Dissipation Term (......Page 254
7.3.2.1 Cell Design......Page 255
7.3.3 Stability Term (......Page 256
7.3.4 Overpotential Dissipation Term (......Page 257
7.3.5 Electrocatalysis......Page 258
7.3.5.1 Theory of Electrocatalysis......Page 259
7.4.1 Reaction Mechanisms......Page 262
7.4.2 Electrocatalysis......Page 263
38]......Page 265
7.4.4 Factors of Electrocatalysis......Page 266
7.5.1 Reaction Mechanisms......Page 269
7.5.2 Anodic Oxides......Page 270
7.5.3 Thermal Oxides (DSA)......Page 271
7.5.4 Electrocatalysis......Page 273
7.5.5 Factors of Electrocatalysis......Page 274
7.5.6 Intermittent Electrolysis......Page 277
7.6 Electrocatalysts: State-of-the-Art......Page 278
7.8 Beyond Oxygen Evolution......Page 279
8.1 Introduction......Page 284
8.2 Experimental 8.2.1 Methanation of Residual Biomass......Page 286
8.2.2.3 Use of Strain K4......Page 287
8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Biogas from Waste......Page 288
8.3.2 Dihydrogen from Bioglycerol......Page 292
9.1 Introduction......Page 299
9.2.1 The Catalyst......Page 306
9.2.2 Kilowatt-scale ATR Fuel Processors......Page 310
9.3 Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 311
9.3.2 Effect of O......Page 312
9.4.1 Laboratory Apparatus and ATR Reactor......Page 315
9.4.3 ATR Reactor Setup: Start-up Phase......Page 318
9.4.4 ATR Reactor Setup: Influence of Preheating the Reactants......Page 319
9.4.5 Catalytic Activity Test Results......Page 321
9.5 Economic Aspects......Page 325
9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 328
Part Four Industrial Catalysis for Sustainable Energy......Page 11
10.1 Introduction......Page 333
10.2 Heterogeneous Transesterification and Esterification Catalysts 10.2.1 Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts......Page 338
10.2.2 Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts......Page 340
10.3 Selective Hydrogenation in Biodiesel Production......Page 346
10.4 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 351
11.1 Introduction......Page 355
11.2 Market: Present Situation and Challenges Ahead......Page 356
11.3.1 From Feedstock to Wafers......Page 358
11.3.2 From Wafers to Cells and Modules......Page 359
11.3.3 Where to Cut Costs......Page 361
11.4 Thin Films......Page 363
11.4.1 Technology and Improvement Requirements......Page 364
11.5 Other Technology-related Aspects......Page 365
11.6 Advanced and Emerging Technologies......Page 367
11.7 System Aspects......Page 369
11.8 Conclusions......Page 371
12.1 Introduction......Page 373
12.2 Lean Catalytic Combustion for Gas Turbines 12.2.1 Principles and System Requirements......Page 374
12.2.2.1 Fully Catalytic Combustor......Page 376
12.2.2.3 Partial Catalytic Hybrid Combustor......Page 377
12.3 Fuel-rich Catalytic Combustion......Page 380
12.4 Oxy-fuel Combustion......Page 382
12.5 Microcombustors......Page 383
12.6 Catalytic Materials......Page 385
12.6.2 Active Catalyst Layer......Page 386
12.6.2.1 PdO-based Catalysts......Page 387
12.6.2.2 Metal-substituted Hexaaluminate Catalysts......Page 391
12.6.2.3 Rich Combustion Catalysts......Page 392
12.7 Conclusions......Page 397
13.1 Introduction......Page 403
13.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction 13.2.1 Standard SCR Process......Page 405
13.2.2 SCR Applications: Past and Future......Page 409
13.2.3 Modeling of the SCR Reactor 13.2.3.1 Steady-state Modeling of the SCR Reactor......Page 410
13.2.3.2 Unsteady-state Kinetics of the Standard SCR Reaction......Page 411
13.2.3.3 Unsteady-state Models of the Monolith SCR Reactor......Page 416
13.2.4 Fast SCR 13.2.4.1 Mechanism of Fast SCR......Page 419
13.2.4.2 Unsteady-state Models of the Monolith NO/NO......Page 422
13.3 NO......Page 424
13.3.2.1 Mechanistic Features......Page 425
13.3.2.2 Kinetics......Page 431
13.3.2.3 Effect of CO......Page 432
13.3.3 Reduction of Stored NO......Page 434
13.3.3.1 Mechanism of the Reduction by H......Page 435
13.3.3.2 Identification of the Reaction Network During Reduction of Stored NO......Page 438
13.4 Open Issues and Future Opportunities......Page 442
Index\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 449
Back Cover\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 463
Related Titles......Page 3