Sustainable Engineering: Concepts and Practices (Green Energy and Technology)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Food-Water-Energy Nexus and Sustainable Engineering
	Digitalization for Sustainable Agriculture: Enabling Farm Digitalization Through Decentralized Control and Ownership
		1 Introduction
		2 Future Vision
		3 The Current State of Digitalization in New Zealand Farm Systems
			3.1 Farm 1: Small Sheep Farm
			3.2 Farm 2: Mixed Crop and Livestock Farm
			3.3 Farm 3: Corporate Dairy Business
			3.4 Synthesis of Current State
		4 Future Imperfect and Possible Pathways
			4.1 Web3.0 and Its Components
			4.2 No Panaceas
			4.3 Decentralization Paradox
		5 Conclusion
		References
	A Review of Innovative Technologies for Sustaining Water Catchment Areas: Toward Sustainability Development
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Sustaining Catchment Areas with Innovative Technology
			3.1 Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Technology
			3.2 Drip Irrigation Technology
			3.3 Artificial Intelligence for Metering, Measuring, and Managing
			3.4 Nanotechnology and Catchment Sustenance
			3.5 Reverse Osmosis Technology
			3.6 Greening of Water Infrastructure
			3.7 Soil Sensors
			3.8 Irrigation Management Mobile Apps
			3.9 Systems Design and Construction Techniques
		4 Appraisal of the Innovative Technologies for Water Catchment Sustenance
		5 Conclusion
		References
	A Nano-Based Approach Toward the Sustainable Recovery of Nutrients from the Food Industry Generated Wastewater
		1 Introduction
		2 Current Methods of Nutrient Recovery
			2.1 Chemical Precipitation
			2.2 Adsorption
			2.3 Membrane-Based Process
			2.4 Biological Recovery
		3 Nanotechnology for Nutrient Recovery
			3.1 Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Nutrient Recovery
			3.2 Nanomaterial-Microalgae Conjugated Systems
			3.3 Other Approaches
		4 State of Food Industry Processing Water
		5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Technical Assessment of Agricultural Equipment Condition for Sustainability
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methodology
			2.1 Workshop Operations
			2.2 Machine Operation Data Capturing for 2017 and 2018 Cropping Seasons
			2.3 Machinery Performance and Reliability Operational Determination for Cropping Seasons
				2.3.1 Equipment Utilization
					2.3.1.1 Failure Rate
					2.3.1.2 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
					2.3.1.3 Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
					2.3.1.4 Repair Rate
				2.3.2 Reliability of Equipment Operation, R
				2.3.3 Maintainability of Equipment, M
				2.3.4 Equipment Availability, A
				2.3.5 Worked Example (Table 1 Row 3 Calculation)
		3 Result and Discussion
			3.1 Equipment Operational Condition Level Indicator Determination for the Cropping Seasons
				3.1.1 Equipment Utilization
				3.1.2 Equipment Reliability
				3.1.3 Equipment Maintainability
				3.1.4 Factors That Affect Maintainability (Thompson 2018)
				3.1.5 Equipment Availability
			3.2 Equipment Operational Planning and Control
			3.3 Equipment/Plant Control Unit
			3.4 Communication and Information Dissemination in the System
			3.5 Field Technology Unit
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Sustainable Food Packaging Solutions: Polysaccharide-Based Films and Coatings
		1 Introduction
		2 Polysaccharides for Biodegradable Films
			2.1 Cellulose and Derivatives
			2.2 Chitosan
			2.3 Starch
			2.4 Alginate
			2.5 Pectin
		3 Summary
		References
	Food Poisoning: Strategic Implementation of Hazards and Quality Analyses of Critical Control Points for Cassava Processing
		1 Introduction
		2 Food Safety Standards, Organizations, and Enforcement
		3 Critical Control Points in the Case Study of Cassava Processing into Gari - a Case Study
			3.1 Unit Operations in Gari Production
			3.2 Risks of Food Poisoning in Processing Cassava into Gari
				3.2.1 Potential Food Poisoning During Cassava Peeling
				3.2.2 Potential Food Poisoning While Washing Cassava Tubers
				3.2.3 Potential Food Poisoning While Grating Cassava
				3.2.4 Potential Food Poisoning During Cassava Mash Fermentation
				3.2.5 Potential Food Poisoning During Gari Frying
		4 Quality Management for Gari Production
			4.1 Total Quality Management
			4.2 Development of HACCP in Gari Processing
			4.3 Design of Gari Processing Facilities and Implementation of Quality Management
		5 Plant Layout and Materials Handling for Quality Management
			5.1 Plant Layout
			5.2 Materials Handling
			5.3 Gari Production and Plant Layout-cum-Materials Handling
		6 Certification and Conformity to Standards for Quality Production
		7 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Sustainability in Materials Recovery and Processing
	Sustainable Development Goal: An Engineering Approach to Health and Well-Being Implication of Wet Milling
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Adverse Health Effects of Wear Elements
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Reagents and Chemicals
			2.2 Sample Collection
			2.3 Determination of Heavy Metals Prior to Wet Milling
				2.3.1 Dry Ashing
			2.4 Wet Milling Digestion Procedures of Crops
				2.4.1 Wet Ashing
			2.5 Determination of Wear Element in the Samples
			2.6 Statistical Analysis
			2.7 Results and Discussion
				2.7.1 Independent t-Test for Tomatoes on the Studied Factors
				2.7.2 Independent t-Test for Beans on the Studied Factors
				2.7.3 Independent t-Test for Millets on the Studied Factors
				2.7.4 Statistical Analysis for Grinding Models, Grinding Plates, and Different Types of Crops for the Determination of Depositional Level of Wear Elements
					2.7.4.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on Effects of Grinding Models, Grinding Plates, and Crops on Depositional Level of Lead
					2.7.4.2 Effects of Grinding Plates, Grinding Models, and Different Crops on Lead
					2.7.4.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on Effects of Grinding Plates, Grinding Models, and Crops on Depositional Level of Arsenic
					2.7.4.4 Effects of Grinding Plates, Grinding Models, and Different Crops on Arsenic
					2.7.4.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on Effects of Grinding Plates, Grinding Models, and Crops on Depositional Level of Cadmium
					2.7.4.6 Effects of Grinding Plates, Grinding Models, and Crops on Depositional Level of Cadmium
			2.8 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis
			2.9 Conclusion
		References
	Biochar Development in the Urban Environment: A Case Study of Sludge Char Production in Finland
		1 Introduction
		2 Biochar and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			2.1 Influencing Factors
		3 Biochar in Soil Applications
			3.1 Biochar in Urban Tree Planting
			3.2 Biochar in Urban Roof Gardens, Rain Beds, and Green Walls
			3.3 Biochar in Sports and Neighborhood Fields
			3.4 Biochar in Construction (Road and Railway Embankments, Structural Soils, Bioswales)
		4 Biochar in Filters
			4.1 Biochar in Wastewater Treatment
			4.2 Biochar in Stormwater Retention Basins
		5 Biochar in Construction Materials
		6 Background of Sludge-Derived Biochar
			6.1 Feedstock and Production Method
			6.2 Sludge Char Characteristics
		7 Case Study: Sludge Char Production in Finland
			7.1 Sludge Pyrolysis Process
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Sustainability with Energy Efficiency: A Touch on Power-Hungry Tunnel-Boring Machines
		1 Introduction
		2 Dynamic Cutting Discs (DCD) Technology
			2.1 Rock Fatigue
		3 Cutting Test Results
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Circular Economy Based Model for End-of-Life Tire Management in Emerging Economies
		1 Introduction
		2 Factors for the Sustainable EOLT Management System: Focus on Developing Economy
		3 End-of-Life Tire Recovery Techniques: Restructuring Toward Circular Economy
			3.1 Energy Retrieval
			3.2 Material Recovery
		4 End-of-Life Tire Management Systems
			4.1 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
			4.2 Government Responsibility System
			4.3 Liberal System
			4.4 System Evaluation Towards a Sustainable Management Model for Developing Economy
		5 The “Pseudo-Producer Responsibility” Approach
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Life Cycle Engineering for Material Recovery: The Case of Residential Envelope Construction
		1 Introduction
		2 Method
			2.1 Timber Frame Assembly as a Test Case
			2.2 Preassembly
			2.3 Modularity
			2.4 Material Composition
			2.5 Disassembly Depth
			2.6 Informed Design Process
				2.6.1 Material Composition
				2.6.2 Connection Type
				2.6.3 Level of Integration
			2.7 Configuration
		3 Results and Discussion
		4 Conclusion
			4.1 Attainment of UN Sustainable Development Goals
		References
Part III: Sustainability in Manufacturing, Infrastructure, and Engineering Design
	Disassembly 4.0: A Pragmatic Approach to Achieve Sustainability in Engineering
		1 The Need for Circular Manufacturing
		2 Circular Manufacturing
		3 Feasibility Aspects of Circular Manufacturing
		4 Technical Feasibility of Remanufacturing
			4.1 Disassembly Process
			4.2 Inspection: Availability of Diagnostics
			4.3 Possibilities for Cleaning
			4.4 Repair
		5 Innovation in Shopfloor Processes for Circular Manufacturing
		6 Reflection on Impact
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Additive Manufacturing: Impact, Prospects, and Challenges in Sustainable Engineering
		1 Introduction
		2 Additive Manufacturing
			2.1 Material Extrusion
			2.2 Powder Bed Fusion
			2.3 Direct Energy Deposition
			2.4 Vat Polymerization
			2.5 Material Jetting
			2.6 Binder Jetting
			2.7 Sheet Lamination
		3 Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Sustainable Engineering
			3.1 Economic Impact of AM on Sustainable Engineering
				3.1.1 Product Design Freedom and Optimization
				3.1.2 Zero Tooling and Highly Automated Process
				3.1.3 Waste Reduction
				3.1.4 Energy Consumption
				3.1.5 Shorter and Smarter Value Chain
				3.1.6 Material Recovery and Recycling
				3.1.7 End-of-Product Life Recovery
			3.2 Environmental Impact of AM on Sustainable Engineering
				3.2.1 Carbon Footprint
				3.2.2 Sustainable Energy Production
				3.2.3 Control Atmosphere
			3.3 Social Impact AM on Sustainable Engineering
				3.3.1 Accessible Healthcare
		4 Prospect of Additive Manufacturing Toward Sustainable Engineering
		5 Challenges of Additive Manufacturing on Sustainable Engineering
		6 Recommendation
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Application of Reconfigurable System Thinking in Mining and Mineral Processing Environment: Toward Sustainable Mineral Beneficiation
		1 Introduction: Background and Overview
		2 Overview of the Screening Process and Its Related Subsystems
		3 Evolution of Vibrating Screen Paradigms
			3.1 Drivers of Change of Vibrating Screen Developments
			3.2 Types of Vibrating Screens
		4 Distinct Features between Dedicated, Flexible, and Reconfigurable Screening Machines
		5 Application of RMS Principles in Mining Machineries
		6 Case Studies of RMS Concept Application in Mineral Processing Industries
			6.1 Scalability Planning for RVS Machine Upkeep
		7 Convertibility Assessment for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
			7.1 Routing Connections
			7.2 Routing Modules
			7.3 Convertibility of the Machine
		8 Modularity Assessment for Reconfigurable Systems
		9 Decision Support System (Time to Reconfigure and Spare Part Ordering)
		10 Conclusions
		References
	Evoking Design-As-Agency for Sustainable Engineering: The Art of Jeffrey Smart
		1 Evoking the Transforming Powers of Technology
		2 The Importance of Inclusive Process
		3 How Environmental, Technical, and Social Sustainabilities Need to Be Reworked Together
		4 Going Deeper into the Sources of a Lack of Interdisciplinarity
		5 How Technological Scale or “Reaction Time” Further Compounds Risk
		6 Conclusion: Evoking Design-as-Agency to Secure Sustainable Engineering
		References
	Driving Effective Sustainable Housing Infrastructure Delivery in South Africa Through Incorporation of Socioeconomic Development factor
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Rationale for the Study
		2 Methodology
		3 Infrastructure in the Precolonial South Africa
		4 State of South Africa Housing Infrastructure Today
		5 Housing Infrastructure in the Context of Socioeconomic and Sustainable Development
			5.1 Socioeconomic Integrated Housing Infrastructure Delivery
			5.2 Barriers to Sustainable Housing Delivery in the SA Context
			5.3 Mainstream Examples of Socioeconomic Development Integrated Projects
			5.4 Summary and Recommendations
		References
	Green Infrastructure: Planning for Sustainable and Resilient Small Towns – Evidence from the Seine Valley in France
		1 Introduction
		2 Setting the Stage: Defining Green Infrastructure (GI)
		3 Case Study Presentation: Rives-En-Seine (Northwestern France)
		4 Methodology
		5 Results
			5.1 Strengthening the Town Center’s Ecological Corridors to Support Urban Uses
			5.2 Revising the Plant Strategy in the Town Center
			5.3 Preventing Erosive Runoff from Agricultural Plateaus to Protect Urban Settlements
			5.4 Valuing Wetlands as Everyday Public Spaces
			5.5 The Seine Riverbank Restoration Boosts Species Diversity and Economic and Social Uses of the Public Space
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Sustainable Engineering of Future Urban Systems: An Inclusive Approach Toward Livable, Climate-Neutral, and Productive Smart Cities
		1 Introduction
		2 Practical Aim and Concept of Sustainable Smart Cities
		3 Challenges for Sustainable Engineering of Smart Cities
		4 Empirical Case and Practical Analysis
		5 Direction for Applied Research and Curriculum Development
		6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Automated Shotcrete: A More Sustainable Construction Technology
		1 Introduction
		2 3D Concrete Printing
		3 Shotcrete
			3.1 Formwork
			3.2 Reinforcing Agents
			3.3 Control Systems
			3.4 Material Mixtures
				3.4.1 Functionally Graded Concrete
		4 Future Research
		References
Part IV: Sustainable Engineering in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology
	Role of Nanoparticles in the Suppression of Diseases in Fruits and Vegetables to Improve Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability: A Bibliometric Analysis
		1 Introduction
		2 Data Collection and Methodology
			2.1 Information Gathering and Retrieval Methods
			2.2 Network Mapping and Data Analysis
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Annual Output of Research Published on Different Keywords with Nanoparticles
			3.2 Article Distribution Based on Journals and Subject Areas
			3.3 Co-authorship and Distribution of Countries/Regions
			3.4 Keyword Co-occurrence Analysis
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Emerging Biotechnologies for Sustainable Bioenergy Production: Challenges and Outlook
		1 Introduction
		2 Review of Biotechnological Processes for Bioenergy Production
			2.1 Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production
			2.2 Algae Biotechnology for Biofuel Production
			2.3 Microbial Fermentation
			2.4 Nanobiotechnology for Biofuel Production: Using Nano-Immobilized Biocatalysts
			2.5 Limitations of Biotechnological Processes
		3 The Role of Biotechnology in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			3.1 Achieving SDGs 7 and 13 Through Biotechnology
			3.2 Achieving SDGs 2 and 15 Through Biotechnology
		4 Challenges and Prospects of Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production
			4.1 Challenges of Biomass Energy Production
				4.1.1 Barrier to the Improvement of Feedstock and Conversion Processes
				4.1.2 Logistics and Environmental Issues
				4.1.3 Cost and Commercialization: Economy of Scale and Cost
			4.2 Outlook for the Bioenergy Industry
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Current Advances and Potentials of Nanotechnology for Biofuel Production
		1 Introduction
		2 Classification of Nanoparticles for Biofuel Production
			2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
			2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
			2.3 Metallic Nanoparticles
			2.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
			2.5 Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Catalysis
		3 Applications of Nanoparticles in Bioenergy Production
			3.1 Biohydrogen Production
			3.2 Bioethanol Production
			3.3 Biodiesel Production
			3.4 Biogas Production
		4 Achieving the SDGs Through the Application of Nanotechnology
		5 Challenges and Prospects of Biofuel Production Using Nanotechnology
			5.1 Challenges of the Application of Nanotechnology in Biofuel Synthesis
			5.2 Prospects and Future Work Consideration for Effective Biofuel Production Using Nanotechnology
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Artificial Intelligence and Socio-Economic Impact in Sustainable Engineering
	Perspective and Attitudes of Engineering Students Towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Qualitative Study
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Cognition
				2.1.1 Cognition: Perception
				2.1.2 Cognition: Attitude
				2.1.3 Cognition: Viewpoint
			2.2 Narratives with Data Presentation
		3 Results and Discussion
		4 Implications and Suggestions
		References
	Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) with Deep Learning Algorithm for Sustainable Development
		1 Introduction
		2 Types of Facial Expression
			2.1 Anger
			2.2 Disgust
			2.3 Fear
			2.4 Happiness
			2.5 Sadness
			2.6 Surprise
		3 Implementation of Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) System
			3.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
			3.2 Convolutional Layers
			3.3 Haar Cascade Classifier
				3.3.1 Haar Feature Calculation
				3.3.2 Integral Images
				3.3.3 AdaBoost
				3.3.4 Cascading
			3.4 Haar Cascade Classifier in OpenCV
		4 Implementation of Face Comparison
			4.1 Face Detection
			4.2 Feature Extraction
			4.3 Comparing Faces
		5 Experimental Work
		6 Conclusion
		References
	AI-Integrated Solar Energy Systems for Sustainable Energy in Africa
		1 Introduction
		2 Applications of AI Techniques in Solar Energy
		3 Techno-economic Feasibility of AI-Enabled Solar Systems in Africa
		4 Fulfillment of the Affordable and Clean Energy SDG: Challenges and Solution
		5 Recommendations
		6 Conclusions
		References
	A Procedure Model for Developing Gerontechnological Solutions to Achieve Demographic Sustainability in Aging Society
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods
		3 Results
			3.1 State-of-the-Art Analysis and Shortcomings (Plan)
			3.2 Touchpoints and Engine Concept (Plan)
			3.3 Determining Users’ Requirements (Plan)
			3.4 Ambient Rehabilitation Kit: An Unobtrusive Interdisciplinary Approach to Achieve Demographic Sustainability (Do)
			3.5 Strategy for Testing and Exhibition (Check)
				3.5.1 Main Sensing, Monitoring, and Analysis Functionality Testing by Engineers (“Lab”)
				3.5.2 Clinical Studies Using PI2Us in Touchpoint 2 (“Field”)
				3.5.3 Exhibitions and Expert Interviews (“Showroom”)
			3.6 A Framework for Economic Evaluation of Robotic and Automated Systems (Check)
			3.7 Towards an Elderly-Oriented Smart Furniture Solution in China: A Survey and an Action Plan (Act)
				3.7.1 Survey Methods
				3.7.2 Survey Results
					3.7.2.1 General Analysis
					3.7.2.2 Cross Analysis
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Summary
			4.2 Limitations and Future Work
				4.2.1 Optimizing and Expanding the PI2U Family (Do)
				4.2.2 Business Strategy and Scalability (Act)
				4.2.3 Intellectual Property Protection (Act)
				4.2.4 Towards Standardization (Act)
		References
	Eradication of Global Hunger at UN Initiative: Holacracy Process Enriched by Human Will and Virtue
		1 Prolegomena
		2 Context
			2.1 Hypothesis
			2.2 Chapter and the Crux of the Matter
			2.3 Wiping Out Hunger and Poverty
			2.4 Hunger in the United States
			2.5 UN Agenda
			2.6 Food Is the Most Significant Human Right
			2.7 Provide Food to All
			2.8 Holonic Systems
			2.9 Holacracy Concept
			2.10 Self-Management Organizations
			2.11 Holacracy and Hierarchy
			2.12 Organizational Structure
			2.13 Organizational Control
		3 Managing Food Distribution Through Holacracy
			3.1 Production, Distribution, and Consumption
			3.2 International Conference on Agricultural Statistics (ICAS)
			3.3 Proposal for Similar UN Gestures
			3.4 Potential Themes for Sessions and Papers
		4 Our Recommendations
			4.1 Findings
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Scope of System of Systems (SoS) in Industrial Technology and Examples
		1 Introduction
		2 Background and Introduction to Industry 4.0
		3 Safety and Standards in Industrial Technology Systems
		4 Agricultural Technology and Industry 4.0
		5 Advanced Food Processing and Packaging
		6 Smart Home with Energy Implications
		7 Space and Ocean Technology Systems
		8 Hypertube Technology in Transportation
		9 MEMS and NEMS Technology
		10 Entertainment Technology
		11 Business Opportunity on Social Media and Networking
		12 Conclusions
		References
Correction to: Driving Effective Sustainable Housing Infrastructure Delivery in South Africa Through Incorporation of Socioeconomic Development factor
	Correction to: Chapter 16 in: I. S. Dunmade et al. (eds.), Sustainable Engineering, Green Energy and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47215-2_16
Correction to: Digitalization for Sustainable Agriculture: Enabling Farm Digitalization Through Decentralized Control and Ownership
	Correction to: Chapter 1 in: I. S. Dunmade et al. (eds.), Sustainable Engineering, Green Energy and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47215-2_1
Index