Sustainable Development Goals and Pandemic Planning: Role of Efficiency Based Regional Approaches

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction: Regional Catalysts for the Realisation of the SDGs in the Post Pandemic Era
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs
		1.2.1 Recalibrating Regional Catalysts for the Post Pandemic SDG Planning
		1.2.2 Getting from Crisis to Systemic Changes
		1.2.3 Collective Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
	1.3 Efficiency Based Regional Approaches
		1.3.1 Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
		1.3.2 Regional Approaches with Geo-economic Index for Doubling the Efforts
		1.3.3 Engaging the Private Sector for Realizing the SDGs
		1.3.4 Integrated Financing Framework to Meet SDGs Funding
	1.4 Role of Regional Mechanisms in Meeting the 2030 Targets
	1.5 Conclusions
	References
Part I: Country Implementation of SDGs: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
	2: The Impact of Global COVID-19 Crisis on SDGs Achievement in ASEAN-Countries
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Literature Review
		2.3 Methodology
			2.3.1 Data Collection
			2.3.2 Estimating Elasticity of Income (Gross National Income Per Capita in Constant USD) on SDGs Indicator
			2.3.3 Projecting SDGs Indicator Toward 2030 for ASEAN-5 Countries
		2.4 Results and Discussions
			2.4.1 Indicator Selection
			2.4.2 Projection of SDGs Indicator Toward 2030
		2.5 Conclusion
		2.5 Appendices
			Appendix A
			Appendix B
			Appendix C
		References
	3: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in China and East Asia Imperatives
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Methodology
			3.2.1 Levels of Analysis and Indicators
			3.2.2 Target Values
			3.2.3 Measuring Distance to Target
		3.3 Distance to Target: Poverty
		3.4 Distance to Target: Infrastructure and Connectivity
		3.5 Distance to Target: Natural Resource Management
		3.6 Distance to Target: Sustainable Consumption and Production
		3.7 Distance to Target: Resilience
		3.8 Poverty
			3.8.1 Structural Poverty and Its Reduction in China
			3.8.2 Structural Poverty: China´s Evolving Poverty Reduction Programs
			3.8.3 Remaining Poverty in China
			3.8.4 New Poverty Reduction Policies
			3.8.5 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation
		3.9 Infrastructure and Connectivity
			3.9.1 Infrastructure and Economic Development
			3.9.2 Infrastructure Development in China
			3.9.3 The Belt and Road Initiative and SDGs
			3.9.4 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation on SDGs
		3.10 Natural Resource Management
			3.10.1 The SDGs and China
			3.10.2 China´s Growth Model, Energy Sources, and Pollution
			3.10.3 The War on Pollution
			3.10.4 Lessons for ASEAN and Cooperation on SDGs
		3.11 Sustainable Production and Consumption
			3.11.1 Sustainable Production and Consumption in China
			3.11.2 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation
		3.12 Resilience
			3.12.1 Disaster Resilience in China and Among RCEP Countries
			3.12.2 Characteristic of Disaster Response in China
			3.12.3 Scope of Collaboration in Disaster Response for China and ASEAN
		3.13 COVID-19 and Impact
		3.14 Conclusion
		3.14 Appendix: Full Indicator List and Distances to Travel
		References
	4: Measuring the Distance to 2030 SDG Targets in India and South Asia Imperatives
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Study Objectives
		4.3 SDG Monitoring Arrangements in India
		4.4 Methodology
		4.5 Statistical Overview of Measuring Distance to SDG Targets
		4.6 India´s SDGs Centred Regional Cooperation in South Asia
		4.7 COVID-19 Impact on SDGs
		4.8 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
		4.8 Appendix
		References
	5: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Indonesia Which SDGs That Indonesia Need to Prioritize? A Distance-to-Target Appr...
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Method to Measure the Distance to SDG Targets
			5.2.1 Data
			5.2.2 Distance to the SDGs Target
		5.3 Findings
			5.3.1 People
				5.3.1.1 SDG-1 No Poverty
				5.3.1.2 SDG-2 Zero Hunger
				5.3.1.3 SDG-3 Good Health and Well Being
				5.3.1.4 SDG-4 Quality Education
				5.3.1.5 SDG-5 Gender Equality
			5.3.2 Prosperity
				5.3.2.1 SDG-7 Affordable and Clean Energy
				5.3.2.2 SDG-8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
				5.3.2.3 SDG-9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
				5.3.2.4 SDG-10 Reduced Inequalities
				5.3.2.5 SDG-11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
			5.3.3 Planet (SDG-6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG-12 Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG-13 Climate Action, SDG-14 L...
			5.3.4 Peace (SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions)
			5.3.5 Partnership
		5.4 Conclusion
		5.4 Appendix: Indonesia´s Distance to SDGs Target on Selected Indicator-Series-Dimension
		References
	6: Measuring Distance to SDGs Target in Five Complementarity Area: Malaysia
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Purpose of the Study
		6.3 Methodology
			6.3.1 Selecting Relevant Indicators
			6.3.2 Setting Target Value
			6.3.3 Measuring Distance to Target
		6.4 Distance to 2030 SDGs Targets in Five Complementarity Areas
			6.4.1 Poverty Eradication
			6.4.2 Infrastructure and Connectivity
			6.4.3 Natural Resources Management
			6.4.4 Sustainable Consumption and Production
			6.4.5 Resilience
		6.5 The Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on SDGs
		6.6 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Works
		6.6 Appendix: Details of Indicators, Target Values, and Sources of Data
		References
	7: Measuring the Distance to the 2030 Targets and the Impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Applying Fragility Framework
		7.2 Myanmar´s Long Term Sustainable Development Trajectory
			7.2.1 Economic and Social Development
			7.2.2 National and International Economic Determinants
		7.3 Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic in Myanmar
			7.3.1 Effects on Poverty Eradication
			7.3.2 Effects on Infrastructure and Connectivity
			7.3.3 Effects on Natural Resources Management
			7.3.4 Effects on Sustainable Consumption and Production
			7.3.5 Effects on Resilience
			7.3.6 COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan
		7.4 Measuring the Distance to 2030 SDG Targets
			7.4.1 Methodology
				7.4.1.1 Selecting Priority Areas
				7.4.1.2 Selecting Indicators
				7.4.1.3 Setting the Target Value
				7.4.1.4 Measuring the Distance to the SDG Targets Using a z-Score Formula
				7.4.1.5 Data Sources
				7.4.1.6 Scoring the Performance and/or Progress
			7.4.2 Limitations
		7.5 Myanmar´s Progress Towards Accomplishing SDG Targets
			7.5.1 Priority Area 1: Poverty Eradication
			7.5.2 Priority Area 2: Infrastructure and Connectivity
			7.5.3 Priority Area 3:	Natural Resources Management
			7.5.4 Sustainable Consumption and Productivity
			7.5.5 Priority Area 5: Resilience
		7.6 Moving Forward
		References
	8: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets: Can the Philippines Achieve the SDGs?
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Monitoring SDG Performance
			8.2.1 Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
			8.2.2 Calculation of Distance to SDG Targets in the Philippines
		8.3 Distance to SDG Targets in the Philippines
			8.3.1 Poverty and Inequality
			8.3.2 Health and Nutrition
			8.3.3 Education
			8.3.4 Environment and Natural Resources
			8.3.5 Access to Basic Services and Utilities
		8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		8.4 Appendix: Computed Standardized Distance of the Philippines to SDG Targets on Selected SDG Indicator-Dimensions
		References
	9: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Thailand
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets-Thailand
		9.3 Health Dimension
		9.4 Economic Dimension
		9.5 Sustainable Consumption and Production and Natural Resources Dimension
		9.6 Achievement of Thailand´s ASEAN Chairmanship in 2019
		9.7 Impact of COVID-19 on the Achievement of SDGs
		9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	10: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Vietnam
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 A Review of the Priority Areas
		10.3 Methodology
			10.3.1 Method for Constructing the Relative Distance
			10.3.2 Data Sources
		10.4 State and Progress on the Priority Areas
			10.4.1 Poverty Eradication
			10.4.2 Connectivity and Infrastructure Enhancement
			10.4.3 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
			10.4.4 Responsible Consumption and Production
			10.4.5 Resilience Capacity
			10.4.6 Strategic Priorities
		10.5 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Progress of SDGs
			10.5.1 Short-Term Impacts
			10.5.2 In the Medium- to Long-Term
		10.6 The Way Forward
			10.6.1 Measures to the Strategic Priorities
			10.6.2 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Regional Indicators, Monitoring Systems for Nexus Approach and MRV
	11: Geo-Economic Importance Index for Doubling the Efforts by 2030
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Need for Regional Cooperation to Achieve the SDGs
		11.3 Methodology
			11.3.1 Data
		11.4 Geo-Economic Importance Index: Results and Discussion
		11.5 Summary and Policy Suggestions
			11.5.1 Summary
			11.5.2 Policy Suggestions
		References
	12: SDGs´ Indicators for Trade Facilitation and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in ASEAN
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Trade and SDGs: Basic Interconnectedness
		12.3 Trade Liberalization and SDGs
			12.3.1 Trade and Poverty Alleviation
			12.3.2 Trade and Zero Hunger
			12.3.3 Trade and Employment
			12.3.4 Trade and Inequality
			12.3.5 Trade and Gender equality
			12.3.6 Trade and Environment
			12.3.7 Trade and Global Partnership
		12.4 Empirical Analysis
			12.4.1 Impacts of Intraregional Trade Liberalization on SDGs in ASEAN Countries
				12.4.1.1 Trade Openness and Poverty
				12.4.1.2 Trade Openness and Zero Hunger
				12.4.1.3 Trade and Employment
				12.4.1.4 Trade and Inequality
				12.4.1.5 Trade and Gender Equality
				12.4.1.6 Trade and Environment
			12.4.2 Intraregional Trade and Partnership
				12.4.2.1 Stochastic Frontier Model
				12.4.2.2 Model Specification
				12.4.2.3 Description of Data
				12.4.2.4 Results and Findings-ASEAN Alone
		12.5 Summary of the Findings
		12.6 Policy Recommendations and Conclusion
		12.6 Appendix I: Impact of RCEP Calculation
		References
	13: The 2030 Agenda and Capital Market Integration in ASEAN
		13.1 SDG Achievements and Financing Gap in ASEAN
			Box 13.1: Priority Areas for Complementarities Between ASEAN Vision 2025 and 2030 Agenda
		13.2 Sustainable Infrastructure as a Key to Reaching the SDGs
		13.3 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on ASEAN
		13.4 Raising Resources for SDG Investments Through Regional Capital Markets
		13.5 Sustainable Finance in ASEAN Capital Markets
		13.6 The EU Example - Capital Market Union for Financing Sustainable Growth
		13.7 Conclusions
		References
	14: Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Framework for Nationalisation and Regionalisation of Indicators for the Sustainabl...
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Nationalisation and Regionalisation of SDGs
		14.3 Monitoring and Reporting: Principles, Framework, and Process
		14.4 Verification: Process and Feedbacks
		14.5 Policy and Enabling Environment
		14.6 Conclusion
		References
	15: Institutional Mechanisms for Scaling Up Finance for the SDGs in ASEAN: Lessons from the European Union
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 The European Union´s Approach to Implementing the SDGs
			15.2.1 Sustainable Development in the European Union
			15.2.2 Measuring Progress with the SDGs
			15.2.3 Criticism of SDG Implementation in the EU
		15.3 SDG Financing Mechanisms in the EU
			15.3.1 EU Budgeting for the SDGs and Europe´s Green Deal
			15.3.2 Reorienting Capital Flows Towards Achieving the SDGs and Addressing Sustainability-Related Financial Risks
			15.3.3 Fostering Investment in the SDGs Through Public Banks and Initiatives
			15.3.4 Financing a Sustainable Recovery and SDGs After COVID-19
			15.3.5 The Role of Public Policies in Advancing the SDG Agenda in the EU
		15.4 Conclusion: Lessons from the EU for ASEAN
		References
Part III: Engaging the Private Sector in Realizing the SDGs in the Post COVID-19 Era
	16: Building Private Sector Engagement Strategy and Monitoring Changes at the Corporate Level: Study of Corporate Disclosures ...
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Background Literature
		16.3 Data & Method
		16.4 Summary of Findings
			Case Study: Proactive Government Policy Support Leading to Greater Transparency and Emission Reduction: Japan
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	17: Beyond Voluntary Initiative - SDGs by Business Sector and SDGs for Business Sector
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 SDGs and Business Sector
			17.1.2 Paris Agreement and ``Above Regulations´´
			17.1.3 Value of Voluntary Actions on Policy Adoption
			17.1.4 For Further Contribution
		17.2 Overviews of Voluntary Initiative
			17.2.1 Varieties of Financial Initiative
			17.2.2 Voluntary initiatives by Industry
				17.2.2.1 Voluntary Participation to the Climate Related Initiatives
				17.2.2.2 Voluntary Initiative by Industry - Oil and Gas Industry
				17.2.2.3 Voluntary initiative by Industry - Steel Industry
			17.2.3 Cooperation Between Finance and Industry Through Voluntary Initiatives
		17.3 Lessons Learned
			17.3.1 Criteria - Gap Between Ambitious Goal and the Reality
				17.3.1.1 Gap of Timeline of Technology Innovation
				17.3.1.2 Gap Among Countries
				17.3.1.3 Gap of Views Between Financial Investor and Industry
			17.3.2 Criteria - Technical Aspects
				17.3.2.1 Engagement of Industry
				17.3.2.2 Technology Approach and Corporate Approach
				17.3.2.3 Burden of Responding to Inquiry from Voluntary Financial Initiatives
			17.3.3 Economics of Voluntary Initiatives
				17.3.3.1 Cost and Investment Return
				17.3.3.2 New Technologies
			17.3.4 Role of Offset for Company and Impacts on the Paris Agreement
			17.3.5 Corporate Strategy and National and Global Policy
			17.3.6 Social Cost for Low Carbon Restructuring
		17.4 Measures for the Acceleration of Voluntary Action
			17.4.1 Improvement of Approach of Voluntary Initiatives
				17.4.1.1 Principle - Diversification or Globalization
				17.4.1.2 Concept of Transition
				17.4.1.3 Scope 1 to 3 Emission and MRV
				17.4.1.4 Combination of Experts for Requirements
			17.4.2 Partnership with Public
				17.4.2.1 Improvement of Neutrality and Reputation
				17.4.2.2 National Reporting System
			17.4.3 Financial Incentives
				17.4.3.1 Subsidies to Indirect Cost
				17.4.3.2 Tax Incentive - Modification or Adoption
				17.4.3.3 Subsidies Through Finance
				17.4.3.4 Role of Subsidies to Voluntary Initiatives
			17.4.4 International Alliance
			17.4.5 Care of Unintended Negative Impact
			17.4.6 Flexibility by Offset Credits
		17.5 Discussion for Future Works
			17.5.1 Role of Voluntary Initiatives for ASEAN SDGs
			17.5.2 Four Types of Dialogue for Practical Voluntary Initiatives
			17.5.3 Review and Revised - PDCA Cycle
			17.5.4 Incentive
				17.5.4.1 Green Tax Incentives
				17.5.4.2 Indirect Cost Support
				17.5.4.3 Voluntary Initiatives for SDGs and SDGs for Voluntary Initiatives
		References
	18: Small Business Strategies and Solutions for SDG Agenda
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Role of Small Businesses in Achieving SDGs
		18.3 Institutional Pressures for SMEs
			GRI´s Pressure on SMEs
		18.4 Resource Limitation of SMEs
		18.5 Creating Shared Value in Small Business for SDGs
			Success of TOMS Shoes
		18.6 Global Value Chains and Small Business
			Hyundai & Kia´s Strategic Response Toward EU Regulation
		18.7 SDGs for Small Business in ASEAN
		18.8 Impact of COVID-19
			Economic Loss in Asia-Pacific Region from COVID-19
		18.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	19: Sustainable Development Goals Need and Financial Sector Imperatives
		19.1 Introduction
			19.1.1 Overview of the SDGs and the Financing Status
			19.1.2 Different Criteria of SDGs by Different Consulting Firms
		19.2 Literature Review
			19.2.1 The SDGs and Financial Sector
			19.2.2 Green Finance and Financial Sector Imperatives
			19.2.3 Green Bond and Social Bonds: Suitable Instruments for Funding SDGs
			19.2.4 Carbon Taxation a Reasonable Financing Instrument for SDGs
		19.3 Theoretical Model of SDG Needs and Portfolio Selection
			19.3.1 A Model by Incorporating SDG Indicator in the Investors´ Utility Function
			19.3.2 GHG Taxation and Optimal Portfolio Allocation for Investment in SDGs
		19.4 Empirical Analysis
			19.4.1 Empirical Model
			19.4.2 Empirical Results and Discussions
		19.5 Key Findings
		19.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
			19.6.1 Conclusion
			19.6.2 Policy Recommendations
		19.6 Appendix: Institutional Data Descriptions
		References
Index