Sustainable Development Disciplines for Society Breaking Down the 5Ps—People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnerships

Preface
Introduction
	References
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
For Prosperity (SDG 11)
1 Knowledge Integration and Open Social Innovation for Sustainable Development
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
	1.3 Community Development
		1.3.1 Field and Issues of Community Development
		1.3.2 Social Design Approach
	1.4 Knowledge Integration
		1.4.1 Various stakeholder’s Knowledge
		1.4.2 Historically Accumulated Knowledge
		1.4.3 Knowledge from the Inside of Social Memory
		1.4.4 Local Context Building
	1.5 Context of Community Development in Japan
		1.5.1 Land and Climate
		1.5.2 Indigenous People
		1.5.3 Ancient and Medieval Japan
		1.5.4 Local Governance of Early Modern
		1.5.5 Local Self-Sufficient Economy
		1.5.6 Education System Established Based on Asian Thought
		1.5.7 Mutual Self-Help
		1.5.8 ‘Machizukuri’ Emphasizes Civic Engagement
		1.5.9 ‘Kyosei’ is the Idea of Coexistence
			1.5.9.1 SDGs and Open Innovation in Japan
	1.6 Culture of Public Spiritedness by Region
	1.7 Case Study: Context-Building Process of Kagoshima Area
	1.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
2 Reconstruction Under Nuclear Disaster and Making Resilient Society in Fukushima
	Abstract
	2.1 The Reconstruction of Fukushima and the Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in the Post-Trans-Science Era
		2.1.1 The Trans-Science Era
		2.1.2 The Post-Trans-Scientific Era
		2.1.3 The Reconstruction of Fukushima and Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant as Post-Trans-Scientific Issues
	2.2 The Science-Policy Interface Research Framework
		2.2.1 Unknown Unknowns: The Limits of Expertise
		2.2.2 Designing a “Forum” for Collaboration Between Expert Knowledge and Local Knowledge
	2.3 Why is It Challenging to Create Social Acceptance for the Release of ALPS-Treated Water into the Ocean?
		2.3.1 The Spill of Contaminated Water from 1F into the Ocean in August 2013
		2.3.2 Tritium Water Task Force
		2.3.3 The ALPS Subcommittee
		2.3.4 The Offshore Release of ALPS-Treated Water as a Post-Trans-Scientific Issue
		2.3.5 April 13, 2021: The Government Decision to Release ALPS-Treated Water Offshore
	2.4 Why is It Challenging to Foster Social Acceptance of the Fukushima Innovation Coast and the International Education and Research Hub Initiatives?
		2.4.1 Low Awareness of the Fukushima Innovation Coast Framework Among Fukushima Citizens
		2.4.2 Creation of Regional Innovation and the International Education and Research
		2.4.3 The 2014 Akaba Research Group and Fukushima Reconstruction as a Post-Trans-Scientific Question
	2.5 The Strong Path Dependency of the Fukushima Reconstruction and 1F Decommissioning Policies and the Need for Social Innovation
	References
3 Rural Development in Japan
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Development of Rural Areas in Japan till Date
		3.2.1 Rural Areas up to the 1940s
		3.2.2 Rural Areas Since the 1950s
		3.2.3 Settlement as a Japanese Community
	3.3 Problems in Current Rural Areas
		3.3.1 Weakening of the Community
		3.3.2 Lack of Various Living Services
		3.3.3 Deterioration of the Function of Agricultural Producers
		3.3.4 Deterioration of the Function for Managing the Local Environment
		3.3.5 Damage Caused by Wildlife
		3.3.6 Damage Caused by Climate Change and Disasters
	3.4 What is Necessary for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in the Future?
		3.4.1 Rebuilding the Community by Interacting with People Outside the Region, Such as Cities
		3.4.2 Establishment of Next-Generation Agriculture Utilizing ICT
		3.4.3 Development of Renewable Energy Utilizing Local Resources
		3.4.4 Establishing New Connections that Complement Each other’s Roles Within the Region
	3.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Sustainable Development Goals from the Perspective of Photographic Archives: A Case Study on Photographs from Occupied Japan
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Thinking from the Other Side
		4.1.2 My Research and SDGs
	4.2 The SDGs and the Role of Photography
		4.2.1 Encountering Photographic Expression
		4.2.2 Discover Through Photography
		4.2.3 Thinking Through Archived Photographs
	4.3 Effectiveness of Using Photo Archives and How to Utilize Them
		4.3.1 Why Photography?
		4.3.2 How Can Old Photos Help?
			4.3.2.1 Tracing the Process of Formation
			4.3.2.2 Reading the Way Issues Are Recognized
			4.3.2.3 Knowing How to Improve or Develop a Response
		4.3.3 Proposal of Two Methods Using Photographs
	4.4 Practice from the Archives Photographed in Occupied Japan
		4.4.1 Description: Photographs Taken in Occupied Japan and Their Archives
			4.4.1.1 Photographs of Occupied Japan
			4.4.1.2 Who Took the Photographs and for What Purpose?
		4.4.2 Photographs of Occupied Japan in Relation to the 17 SDGs
		4.4.3 Transition of the Problem
			4.4.3.1 SDG 7
			4.4.3.2 SDG 11
	4.5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
	Website
For Planet
5 Ecology and Sustainable Development in Japan
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nature Protection Schemes in Japan
		5.2.1 Nature Reserves
			5.2.1.1 Nature Parks and Natural Scenic Beauty
			5.2.1.2 Protection and Utilization of Natural Environment in Nature Parks
			5.2.1.3 Nature Park as Regional Park
			5.2.1.4 Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes in Nature Parks
		5.2.2 Other Legal Schemes Protecting Species and Ecosystems
			5.2.2.1 Protection of Animals and Birds
			5.2.2.2 Protection of Migratory Birds
			5.2.2.3 Conservation of Endangered Species
			5.2.2.4 Regulation of Alien Species and Genetically Modified Organisms
	5.3 Restoring Lost Habitats
		5.3.1 Agriculture Modernization and Loss of Habitats
		5.3.2 Reintroduction of Endangered Creatures (Stork and Ibis)
	5.4 Protecting Landscapes and Ecosystems in Rural Areas
		5.4.1 Abandonment of Farmland
		5.4.2 Farmland Reform After WW II and Smallholder Farming
			5.4.2.1 Smallholder Farming
			5.4.2.2 Scale-Up of Agricultural Management for Sustainability of Farmland
	5.5 Sustainability with Sufficient Income
		5.5.1 Direct Payments for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture
		5.5.2 Solar Sharing
		5.5.3 Forest Management
			5.5.3.1 Unprofitable Forestry
			5.5.3.2 Matured Forests
	5.6 Consolidation of Development and Environment
		5.6.1 Harmonization Between Economic Development and Environment
		5.6.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
	5.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
6 Globalization and Sustainability: De Jure and De Facto Approach
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Theoretical Discussion
		6.2.1 Entry and Exit Decision of Firms
		6.2.2 Firm’s Decision to Export
		6.2.3 Implications from the Theoretical Model
	6.3 De Jure Approach
		6.3.1 International Agreements
		6.3.2 Domestic Regulations
		6.3.3 Economic Assessment of the Impact of Regulatory Differences Between Exporters and Importers
	6.4 De Facto Regulation (Private Standard) Approach
		6.4.1 Types of Private Standards
		6.4.2 Impacts on Developing Countries
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Production and Quality Management for SDGs
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Inventory Management
		7.2.1 Basic Concept of Inventory Management
		7.2.2 Typical Inventory Management Systems
		7.2.3 Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
	7.3 Total Quality Management
		7.3.1 Fundamentals of Quality Management and Assurance
		7.3.2 TQM and ISO 9000s
		7.3.3 Proactive Management
	7.4 Just-In-Time Production System
		7.4.1 Kanban System
		7.4.2 Modeling Approaches to Analyzing the System
		7.4.3 Optimization of the System
	7.5 Closed Loop Supply Chain
		7.5.1 Supply Chain Management
		7.5.2 Concept of Closed Loop Supply Chain
		7.5.3 Analysis of a Closed Loop Supply Chain
	7.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Sustainable Development: Controversies and Theoretical Results in Economics
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Controversies Around Sustainable Development in Economics
		8.2.1 Background and Outline
		8.2.2 Weak Sustainability and Strong Sustainability
		8.2.3 Utilitarian and Egalitarian Approaches for Intergenerational Equity
		8.2.4 Arguments About Discounted Utilitarianism
	8.3 Economic Conditions for Sustainable Development
		8.3.1 Outline
		8.3.2 Sustainable Development or the Limits to Growth?
		8.3.3 The Tragedy of the Commons and International Environmental Agreements
	8.4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
For Prosperity (SDGs 8 and 9)
9 Economic Growth: Why Are There Rich and Poor Countries?
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basic Theory of Economic Growth
		9.2.1 Solow Model
		9.2.2 Conditional Convergence Across Countries
		9.2.3 Growth Accounting
	9.3 Endogenous Growth: How Is the Growth Rate Determined?
		9.3.1 Economy of Ideas
		9.3.2 R&D-Driven Growth
		9.3.3 Growth Without Scale Effect
	9.4 Other Factors: Look Inside of At more deeply
		9.4.1 Education and Human Capital
		9.4.2 Institution
		9.4.3 Misallocation
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Structure of Development in a Smart Society: An Application of Input–Output Analysis
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Input–Output Framework
	10.3 Structure of Development Theory
		10.3.1 Leontief’s Structure of Development Model
		10.3.2 Structure of Development During Japan’s High Economic Miracle Period
			10.3.2.1 Rearrangement of Input–Output Sectors Based on Supply Chain
			10.3.2.2 Technology Classification of the Input–Output Sector
			10.3.2.3 Mechanism of Japan’s High Economic Growth
	10.4 Structure of Development of a Smart Society
		10.4.1 Information Service Industry and Industrial Structure
		10.4.2 Toward the Input–Output Analysis of a Smart Society
	10.5 International Interdependence of Information Society in Asia
	10.6 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix
	References
11 Trade-Investment Nexus and Economic Growth in East Asia
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction: Asia’s Rapid Economic Growth
	11.2 Nexus of Trade and Investment and Global Value Chains
		11.2.1 Expansion of Intra-regional and Machinery Parts Trade
		11.2.2 Formation of Global Value Chains
		11.2.3 Benefits of GVC Participation
		11.2.4 Factors Leading to the Formation of GVCs
	11.3 Regional Economic Integration in East Asia
		11.3.1 East Asia Track
		11.3.2 Asia–Pacific Track
		11.3.3 CPTPP and RCEP
		11.3.4 Economic Impacts of Regional Economic Integration
	11.4 Conclusions: Achieving Inclusive Economic Growth
	References
12 BoP Businesses of Multinational Corporations and Sustainability
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 What is the BoP Business?
	12.3 Birth of the BoP Business
	12.4 First-Generation BoP Strategies—BoP 1.0
	12.5 Transformation of BoP Business
		12.5.1 Lack of Success of BoP 1.0
		12.5.2 Advent of BoP 2.0
	12.6 Future of the BoP Business
		12.6.1 Open Innovation and Frugal Innovation
		12.6.2 Business Ecosystem
		12.6.3 Sustainable Development
	12.7 Concluding Remarks: Sustainable Societies and MNCs
	References
For Peace (SDG 2)
13 Global Food Security, and Economic and Agricultural Development
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Demand and Supply Determinants for Food and Agricultural Products
	13.3 Food Problem in Developing Countries
	13.4 Japanese Experiences for Overcoming Food Problem
	13.5 Conflicts Between Energy Security and Food Security Goals
	13.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
For Peace (SDG 16)
14 Designing Allocation Rules in Economic Problems
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Model
	14.3 Rules
		14.3.1 CEA Rule
		14.3.2 CEL Rule
		14.3.3 Proportional Rule
		14.3.4 Talmud Rule
	14.4 Axioms (Properties of Rules)
		14.4.1 Equal Treatment of Equals
		14.4.2 Minimal Rights First
		14.4.3 Claims Truncation Invariance
		14.4.4 Consistency
	14.5 Characterizations
		14.5.1 Characterization of the Talmud Rule
		14.5.2 Other Characterizations
			14.5.2.1 Characterization of the CEA Rule
			14.5.2.2 Characterization of the CEL Rule
			14.5.2.3 Characterization of the Proportional Rule
	14.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Index