Sustainable Cities and Communities (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

Sustainable Cities and Communities
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Access
	Access to Basic Services: From Public Benefit Practice to a Sustainable Development Approach
		Definition
		The Concept of Access to Basic Services
		Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation
		Access to Energy
		Access to Housing
		Worldwide Differences in the Distribution of Basic Services, Housing, and Energy
		Cross-References
		References
	Accessibility
	Accessible Cities
	Accessible Infrastructure
	Active Transportation
	Adaptation
	Adverse Conditions
	Affordable Houses
	Affordable Infrastructure
B
	Black
	Boundless
	Building Lifecycle Sustainability Analysis
		Definition
		Introduction
		Application of LCA to the Built Environment
		Barriers to LCA Implementation in the Built Environment
		LCA Studies
		LCA Variability and Limitations
		Green Building Trends and LCA
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Built Environment Education for Sustainability and Climate Change Preparation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Built Environment and Sustainability
		Higher Education Institutions and Sustainability Integration
		Sustainability Literacy in Built Environment Programs: Some Global Examples
		Academic-Industry Considerations for Sustainability
		Discussions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Business Continuity and Resiliency Planning (BCRP)
	Business Continuity Management (BCM)
	Business Continuity Planning
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Identification of Relevant Adverse Conditions
		Risk Assessment (RA) and Business Impact Analysis
			Risk Assessment
			Business Impact Analysis
		Business Continuity Strategies and Measurements
		Business Continuity Management Systems
		Take-Away for Practitioners
		Cross-References
		References
C
	Carbon-Free Transportation Choices
	Cataclysm
	Catastrophe
	Challenges of Informal Urbanization
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Urban Informality and Informal Urbanization
			Informal Housing
			Informal Economy
			Informal Settlements
		Challenges of Informal Urbanization
			Challenges of Urban Poverty
			Challenges of Slums and Squatters
			Environmental Challenges
			Challenges to Urban Planning, Development, and Governance
			Social and Cultural Challenges
			Housing/Shelter Challenges
		Informal Settlements Upgrading
		Approaches to Informal Settlement Upgrading
		Challenges of Upgrading of Informal Settlements
		Way Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Changing Spatialities of Employment: Geographies of Industry and Services
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Spaces of Industrial Production
			First Issues: Shrinkage in Industrial Areas
			Second Issues: Spaces for Manufacturing Industry Outside Global North
			Third Issues: The Geography of the Knowledge-Based Economy
		Service Sector: Office and Directional Districts
			The Service Sector: Features, Activities, and Development
			Metropolitan Specialization and Relations with the Urban Centers
			Geographies and Types of Office-Service Workplaces
			A Sustainable Transition: Changes in Progress and Relevant Issues
		The Workspaces of Sharing Economy
		The Spaces for Employment and Sustainable Development Goal 11
		Cross-References
		References
	Circular Economy and Urban Mining: Resource Efficiency in the Construction Sector for Sustainable Cities
		Definition
		Introduction
		Circular Economy and Urban Mining
			Stock Types
			Landfill Mining
			In-Use Stocks: EEE
			Building Stocks
			Quantifying Stocks
			Challenges of Circular Economy and Urban Mining
		Conclusion
		References
	Citizen Participation
	City Biodiversity Index
	City Planning
	City Sustainability Index
	Climate Adaptation
	Climate Change
	Climate Change and Ecotourism in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Tourism Management and Planning: The Environmental Perceptions of the Target Public and Agents of the Tourism Sector
		Tourism, Biodiversity, and Sustainable Development
		Ecotourism as a Form of Alternative Tourism
		Tourism and Political Strategies for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity 2025
		Impacts and Challenges of Tourism Development
		Future Perspectives
		Cross-References
		References
	Climate Mitigation
	Co-creation
	Collaboration
	Collaborative Governance
	Collaborative Planning Theory
	Communicative Planning Theory
	Communicative Turn in Spatial Planning and Strategy
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theoretical Outline
			Jurgen Habermas and the Role of Communicative Rationality in Planning Practices
			The Influence of Patsy Healey
		Relevant Issues in Communicative Planning Theory
			The Role of Public Participation in Communicative Planning Processes
		Critical Appraisal of Communicative Planning Theory
			Strengths of Communicative Planning Theory
			The Limits of Communicative Planning Theory
		The Longevity of Communicative Planning Theory
		Cross-References
		References
	Community Engagement
	Community Gardening
	Compact City as a Model Achieving Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		The Controversial Paradigm of the Compact City
			From the Ancient to the Spread City
			Rediscovering the Compact City for Achieving Sustainable Development
			Recent Urban Planning Movements and Theories Advocating the Compact City Model
			New Challenges for the Compact City: Further Evolution of the Concept
		Key Features of Compact Cities
			Measuring Urban Compactness
			Techniques and Tools for Increasing Urban Compactness
				Planning and Design Tools
				Incentive-Based Tools
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Contextual
	Contribution for Affordable and Accessible Infrastructure for Sustainable Cities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Affordable Infrastructure
		Accessible Infrastructure
		Affordable and Accessible Infrastructure for Sustainable Cities
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Co-production
	Crisis Management
	Critical Performance Variables
	Critical Success Factors
D
	Deliberative Planning
	Devastation
	Disaster
	Disaster Recovery Planning
	Disaster Risk Management Strategies: Building the Resilient Human Settlements
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Magnitude and Impact of Natural Disasters
		Disaster Risk Management Strategies
		Disaster Risk Assessment
		Disaster Risk Management and SDG 11
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Disruption
E
	Early Warning Systems and Geospatial Tools: Managing Disasters for Urban Sustainability
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Role of Geospatial Technology and Early Warning Systems in Disaster Management
			Elements of Geospatial Tools
			Elements of Early Warning Systems
			Mitigation
			Preparedness
			Response
			Recovery
		Classification and Case Studies of Implemented Geospatial and Early Warning System Tools for Disaster Management
		Challenges of Implementing Geospatial Tool and Early Warning System
		Cross-References
		References
	EbA (Ecosystem-Based Adaptation)
	Eco-DRR (Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction)
	Ecological Footprint: Pragmatic Approach to Understanding and Building Sustainable Cities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Ecological Footprint for Sustainable Cities and Communities
			Introduction
			Ecological Footprint
				Humans and Ecological Footprint
				Impact of Food Systems on Ecological Footprint
				Impact of Energy on Ecological Footprint
				Impact of Housing Sector on Ecological Footprint
				Impact of Mobility on Ecological Footprint
				Impact of Goods and Services on Ecological Footprint
			Going Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecological Impact
	Ecological Sustainable Design
	Ecology
	Edible Landscaping
	Educating Society in an Inclusive Way
	Education for All: Education for a More Inclusive Society
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Education to Adapt Cities to their Population Needs
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Efficient Energy Use
	Emergency
	Energy Conservation
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Alternative Terms and Ideas
		Energy Use Trends
			Electricity
			Renewable Energy
		Energy Conservation in the Built Environment
			Strategies for Implementing Energy Conservation in the Built Environment
			Negative Consequences of Energy Conservation
		Summary/Conclusion
			What Is the Future of Energy Conservation?
		Cross-References
		References
	Energy Efficiency
	Energy Management
	Energy Use Reduction
	Environmental Ethics and Justice for Sustainable Cities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Do Sustainable Cities Embed Environmental Justice?
			Toward Nature-Based Urban Environmental Ethics
				Toward Environmentally Ethical Cities
			Environmental Justice in Urban Areas
			Toward the Ethical and Sustainable City
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Planning
	Environmental Sustainable Design
	Equality of Opportunity
	Equitable Cities
	Equity
	Ethical Cities
F
	Food Safety
	Food Security
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction to the Challenges of Environmental, Demographic, and Economic Changes
		Achieving Food Security in a Changing World: Opportunities from Public Policies, Technological Innovation, Capacitation, Finan...
		Cross-References
		References
	Fostering Rural Urban Relationships to Enhance More Resilient and Just Communities
		Introduction: Mutual Relationships Between Urban and Rural Areas
		Rural Urban Relationships: Tool for the Resilience of Communities
			Cooperation Between Tourism and Agriculture for Marketing Typical Regional Products
			Integrated Energy Service Solutions
			Integration of a Library and a Workshop for Disabled People
		Rural Urban Relationships: A Matter of Social Justice
		Conclusion
		References
G
	Garbage
	Gender-Responsive Public Transport
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Accessing Public Transports in Public Spaces: Gendered Arenas
			Women´s Transport Need Is Different
			Gender Differences in Travel Patterns
			Access to Resources for Travel
			Mobility and Safety Concerns
			Women´s Unequal Participation in the Transport Sector
		International Policy Frameworks: United Nations´ Approaches
		Attempts to Address Gender-Responsive Public Transport in Cities in the Developing World
			India
			Bangladesh
		Primary Barriers to Gender-Responsive Public Transport
			Gender-Blind Urban Cities
			Insensitively Designed Public Transport in Cities
			Unsafe Urban Public Transport
			Unreliable, Unaffordable, Inadequate Transport Facilities
			Inadequate Legal and Policy Frameworks
		Final Thoughts
		Cross-References
		References
	Globalization and Cities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Globalization and Cities
			Globalization in Cities (Globalized Urbanization)
			Cities in Globalization (Urbanized Globalization)
		Global Cities Initiatives
		Interlocking Networks of Cities Model
		A Taxonomy of Cities in Globalization
		Global City Region
		Global Media and Informational Cities
		Opportunities and Challenges
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Gray
	Green
	Green Areas
	Green Cities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Green City Index
			Characteristics of a Green City
			Green Economy/Growth
			Green Infrastructure
			Green Urbanism
			Examples of Green City Across the World
			Characteristics of Green Cities in Europe
			Characteristics of Green Cities in North America
			Characteristics of Green Cities in Latin America
			Characteristics of Green Cities in Asia
			Characteristics of Green Cities in Africa
		Planning and Development of Green City
			Urban Greening
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Economy and the Transition to Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Green Economy and Economic Growth
		Green Economy Indicators
		Transitioning to Green Economies
		Green Economies and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Growth
	Green Infrastructure
	Green Infrastructures
H
	Hazards
	Healthy Cities and Sustainable Innovation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Healthy Cities
		Major Societal Benefits of Healthy Cities
		The Policy-Oriented Approach to Managing Healthy Cities
		The Debate on Impact of FDI on City Environment
		Recent Shift Toward Innovation for Smart and Sustainable Cities
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Heritage, Conservation, and Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Investigating Dimensions of Heritage, Conservation, and Development
		Ideas of Heritage, Conservation, and Development
		Sustainable Development
		Cultural Sustainability Heritage and Conservation
		Conclusion
		References
	High Density City
	Housing Affordability: Measurements and Trends
		Definitions of Affordable Housing
		Introduction
		Measurement of Affordable Housing
		Policies to Promote Affordable Housing in Selected Asian Countries
			Supply Side Intervention
				Land
				Risk Assumption/Financing
				Construction
			Demand Side Value Chain
				Subsidy and Tax Incentives
				Credit Underwriting
		Property Liberalization and Housing Affordability in Malaysia
			Does Property Liberalization Deteriorate the Housing Affordability?
			Affordability Hiccups?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Housing Credit
	Housing Investments
	Housing Policies and Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Housing Policies and Sustainable Development Goals
		Human Rights-Based Housing Policies
		Housing Policies: Historical Overview
		International Trends
			Financialization of Housing
			Private Actors and Housing Policies
			Cohousing
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Right to Water and Sanitization
	Human-Powered Transportation
I
	Illegal Activities
	Implementation of Green Infrastructure in Post-Disaster Recovery
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Why Is GI Needed for Our Future?
		GI and Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction Using Eco-DRR
		Scale of GI
		Global Perception of GI
		Responses to GI in the USA
		Responses to GI in Europe
		Responses to GI in Japan
		Natural Disasters and Japan
		Why Is GI Implementation Effective for Disaster-Affected Areas?
		Revitalization of a Local Community with GI Implementation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Incidents
	Inclusive City, Perspectives, Challenges, and Pathways
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Inclusive City
		Concepts of Inclusive City
		Factors for Understanding an Inclusive City
		The Challenges of Making an Inclusive City
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Inclusiveness
	Indicators and Practices of Urban Biodiversity and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Urban Biodiversity and Sustainability: Challenges and Potential
		City Biodiversity Index and City Sustainability Index
			City Biodiversity Index
			City Sustainability Index
		Urban Biodiversity Management Practices: Indicators and Concepts
		Toward Global City Platforms and Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals
			Development of Global City Platforms
			Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals Through Urban Indicator-Based Management
		Conclusion and Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Informal Economy: An Urban Context Focus
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Informal Economy: Background
				The Dark Side of the Informal Economy
					Informal Economy and SDG 11
					Informal Economy and Urban Policies
					Tax Avoidance in Economically Developed Countries
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Informal Settlement Upgrading Strategies: The Zimbabwean Experience
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Slum Upgrading and the 5Ps
		Results
			Documentary Review
			Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment No. 20 of 2013
			Regional Town and Country Planning Act (RTCP) (Chapter 29:12)
			Urban Development Corporation (UDCORP) Act
			Draft Human Settlement Policy of 2018
		Strategies for Informal Settlement Upgrading in Zimbabwe
			Demolitions and Eviction
			Resettlement
			Regularization and Upgrading
			Incremental Approach to Informal Settlement Upgrading
			Housing Saving Schemes and Low-Income Housing Provision
		Key Lessons from Zimbabwe
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Informal Settlements
	Informal Settlements, Slums, and Sites and Services
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sites and Services as Housing Public Policy
			Main Steps of Sites and Services Projects
			Typology of Sites and Services Projects
		Some Experiences in Sites and Services Projects
			Senegal
			Zambia
			India
			El Salvador
			Colombia
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
	Infrastructure
	Integrated Impact Assessment
	Integrated Sustainability Assessment (ISA)
	Interdependent
	Internationalization and Urban Centers
K
	Key Result Indicators
	Key Success Factors
L
	Labor Rights Violations
	Land Use Planning
	Levels of Government for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Number of Levels of Government
			National or Central or Federal Level
				National Government and SDGs
			Provincial or State Level
			Local Level
				Local Government and Local Governance
				Traditional (Local) Government
				Local Government Level and Sustainable Development Goals
		Issues Arising from Multiple Levels of Government
			Vertical Integration and Decentralization
			Intergovernmental Relations
			Facets of Intergovernmental Relations at Multiple Levels
		References
	Liveability
	Liveable City: Toward Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Well-Being
		Definition
		Introduction
			Indicators of Livability
			Livability Index
			Principles of Livability
		Livability Framework
			Examples of Cities Around the World that Have Applied Singapore´s Livability Framework
		New Urbanism
		Challenges
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Living Cities
	Local Multiplier
	Local Spending
	Locally Owned Businesses
	Low Carbon City: Strategies and Case Studies
		Definition
		Introduction
		Strategies for Achieving a Low Carbon City
			Low Carbon Energy
			Green and Energy-efficient Buildings
			Low Carbon Transportation and Sustainable Land Use Patterns
			Sustainable Waste Management
		Challenges to Achieving a Low Carbon City
		Roles of Low Carbon City Principles in Fostering Urban Sustainability
		Case Studies of Low Carbon Cities
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Low-Carbon Economy
	Low-Income Housing Tax Credits
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Low-Income Housing Tax Credits
		Types of Credits
		The Mechanisms of the LIHTC Program
			Determining the LIHTC
		The Allocation Process
		Eligible Types of Housing, Applicants, and Residents
		Project Selection Criteria and Ranking Procedures
		Challenges Facing the LIHTC Market
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
M
	Managing Energy Use
	Mapping Social and Spatial Practices in Human Settlements
		Definitions
			Mapping Social and Spatial Practices in Human Settlements
		Development of Human Settlements alongside Agenda 2030 and SDG 11
		Characteristics of Mapping Human Settlements
			Mapping Practices and Data Collection for Social/Spatial Planning
			Integrative Mapping with Community Participation
		Methodologies for Mapping
			Devise Mapping Framework
			Utilizing Mapping Technologies and Practices
				The Production of the Map at a Scale and Boundary Relevant to the Urban Phenomena
				The Process to Update and Monitor Existing Geographical Data and Mapped Practices in Specific Locations with Monitoring Softwa...
				The Potential for Ease of Use and Wide Accessibility of Mapped Practices for Users Who May Not Have the Relevant Expertise in ...
			Translation of Mapped Information into Strategic Urban Policies and Projects
		Challenges and Solutions to Mapping
			Mapping Settlements with Numerous Urban Development Centers
			Managing Several Indicators at Different Scales
			Boundaries for Global and City Level Monitoring and Its Implications
			Formulating Urban Policies Derived from Mapped Data
		Case Study: Mapping for a New Settlement, Kenya
			Planning for a New Settlement
			Challenges and Scope of Mapping
			Methodologies for Mapping Social and Economic Practices
			Methodologies for Mapping Spatial Practices
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Metric
	Mitigation
	Mixed Income Housing (MIH)
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Mixed Income Housing and Inclusive Cities
			Introduction
			Mixed Income Housing: A Historical Overview
			Implementing Mixed Income Housing Strategies
			Mixed Income Housing: Useful, Useless, Counterproductive
			Assessing the Impact of MIH Policies
		Cross-References
		References
	Mixed-Income Neighborhoods
	Mixed-Use City
	Models for Financing Mass Housing
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Low-Cost Mass Housing Financing
		Financing Housing Projects
		Mode of Financing Mass Housing
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Municipal Solid Waste
	Municipal Waste
N
	Neighborhood Restructuring
	Neighborhood Revitalization
	Neighbourhood Revitalisation
	New Pervious Concrete Construction Material for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Findings
		Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Nonformal Urbanization
	Non-motorized Transport: Walking and Cycling
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Mode Share and Community Context
		Costs of Motorized Transport
		Benefits of Non-motorized Transport
		Barriers to Walking and Cycling
		Supportive Conditions for Walking and Cycling
		Strategies to Increase Walking and Cycling
			Initiatives
			Interventions
			Political Change
		Cross-References
		References
	Nutrition Security
O
	Opportunities for All: Inclusive and Equitable Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction: Concepts and Contexts
		The Notion of Equality of Opportunity
		Socio-spatial Just Sustainable Development: Inclusiveness and Equity
		Opportunities for All in New Zealand and Canada
		Challenges: Implementation, Measurement, and Deviation
		Future Insights
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
P
	Participatory Design: Participatory Urban Management
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Rise of Participatory Processes
		The Dissemination of Participatory Processes
		Concerns About Participatory Processes
		Current Transformations of Participatory Processes
		Cross-References
		References
	Participatory Processes
	Partnerships for SDG
	Pervious Concrete: Porous Concrete
	Planning
	Planning Small Cities Toward Being Inclusive, Safe, Resilient, and Sustainable: The Case of a City in Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Cities
		Tourism
		Regional and Urban Planning
		Urban Quality: Cities that Are Alive
		The Study Objective
		The Study Structure
			Characterizing the Area
				Guidelines
				The Region Characterization
				Problems and Potentials
			The County
				Guidelines
				The County of Fagundes Varela
				Problems and Potentials
			The Urban Space
				Guidelines
				The City of Fagundes Varela
				Problems and Potentials
			The Proposal
				Regional Proposal
					Guidelines
				Municipal Proposal
					Guidelines
				Urban Proposal
					Guidelines
		References
	Planning the Development of Urban and Rural Areas: An Integrative Approach
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Urban and Rural Areas as Rival Systems
		Major Contrasting Features of Urban and Rural Areas
		Planning Urban Systems: How it Works
		Planning Rural Systems: How it Works
		Alternative Approaches to Plan the Development of Urban and Rural Areas
		Cross-References
		References
	Possibilities and Challenges for Sustainability
	Prototype: Archetype
	Provision
	Public and Green Spaces in the Context of Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Typologies of Public and Green Spaces
		The Multiple Functions and the Ecosystems Services of Public Green Spaces
		Public and Environmental Health Relevance
		(In)equalities in Public and Green Spaces Access: An Overview
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Public Place
	Public Transportation for Children
		Definitions
		Public Transportation for Children: Challenges and Action toward SDG 11.2 Target
			Introduction
			Approaches Toward Children´s Mobility
				Active Transport: Access, Physical Health, and Equality
				Social Science Approach
				Insights for the Future
			Children´s Travel Behavior and Their Attitude Toward Different Modes
			Indicator to Monitor SDG 11.2
				Assessment Method
				Limitations
			Initiatives, NGOs and Technologies
				City Prosperity Initiative (CPI)
				Youth For Public Transport (Y4PT)
				Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
			Action Toward SDG 11.2 Target
				Mobility Management (MM)
				Youth Councils
			Public Transportation Promotion, Good Practices
				Finalist of the European Mobility Week - Prague (Czech Republic)
				Global Transport Hackathon - Y4PT (Global)
				Public Transport Promotion Campaign - Ústí nad Labem (Czech Republic)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Q
	Quality of Life in Cities
R
	Rainwater Management, Sustainable Urban Growth, and Climate Change
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Rainwater Management Systems Planning, Design, Operation, and Maintenance
		Rainwater Quality Assessments and Treatment
		Socioeconomic Issues
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Reducing Informal Settlements
		Definition
		Addressing Informal Settlements for Sustainable Development
			Introduction
			Informality Concept and Informal Settlements
			Informal Settlements: Origin and Characteristics
			Reducing Informal Settlements: Strategies and Approaches
			Formalization and Regularization of Land Tenure as a Contemporary Strategy for Reducing Informal Settlements
			Challenges Against Building Sustainable Communities
			The Way Forward to Attaining Sustainable Communities
				Recognition and Action on Slum Challenge
				Governments´ Crucial Leadership Role
				Develop and Implement Systemic and Citywide Approaches
				Adopt Integrated Approaches
				Put Housing at the Center
				Ensure Appropriate Long-Term Financial Investment and Inclusive Financing Options
				Improve Data Collection Processes
				Create Peer Learning Platforms
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Refuse
	Region Planning
	Regional and Urban Planning
	Re-localization
	Renewable
	Renewable Energy
	Renewable Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Renewable Energy: Types, Operating Logic, and Possibilities of Applications in Cities and Communities
			Photovoltaic Solar Energy, Solar Collectors, and Solar Concentrators
			Wind Energy
			Hydroelectric Energy and Tidal Energy
			Biodigester Energy
			Biofuels Energy and Biomass
			Geothermal Energy
		Energy Efficiency
			The Relation of the Sun with the Sustainability
			The Three Dimensions of Sustainability
			Bioclimatic Architecture in Buildings
			The Importance of Distributed Generation Associated to Renewable Energies
			Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Resilience
	Resilience in the Context of Climate Change
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Context
		Climate Change
		Climate Change Mitigation
		Climate Change Adaptation
		Climate Change and Its Impacts on Vulnerable People
		Climate Change and the SDGs
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Resilient and Green Building Design/Construction
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Green Buildings Classification Systems
		Green Building Concepts
		Barriers for Green Building Development
		Benefits of Green Buildings
		Green Building and the Promotion of Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Resource Accounting
	Rethinking Empowerment: Seeking Justice, Not Just Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction: Concepts and Contexts
		Dimensions of Power and Empowerment
		Toward a Transformative Agenda
		Future Insights
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Risk Management in Cities
		Introduction
		SDGs and Risks in Cities
			Poverty, Hunger, and Human Well-Being
			Equality, Work, and Economy
			Climate Change and Natural Hazards
			Infrastructure, Water, Sustainability, and Life in Cities
			Institutions and Governance
		Risk Management Strategies
			Risk Assessments and Risk Communication
			Identifying and Implementing Risk Reduction Approaches
				Social Approaches
				Infrastructural and Land-Based Approaches
				Institutional, Governance, and Policy-Based Approaches
			Monitoring and Evaluation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Saving Energy
	Shadow
	Sharing Economy: Risks and Opportunities in a Framework of SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sharing Economy: Benefits and Potentials in a Context of SDGs
		Sharing Economy: Risks and Constraints
		Conclusion
		References
	Shop Local, Local Materials, and Local Budgets
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Local
		Local Shopping
		Local Multiplier Effect
		Promote Local Shopping
		Local Businesses
		Local Materials
		Critical Appraisal
		Cross-References
		References
	Singapore Index
	Smart Cities
	Smart City Development: ICT Innovation for Urban Sustainability
		Definition
		Introduction
		Cities in the Digital Era: Emerging Technological Trends
			Faster, Cheaper, Smaller
			Intangible
			Everywhere
			Volume, Velocity and Variety
		Smart Stories: Catalyzing Sustainable Urban Development with ICT Solutions
			Facilitating the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
			Ensuring Equal Access to Basic Services and Infrastructures
			Improving Food Security
			Promoting Environmentally Sound Waste Management and Reducing Waste Generation
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Smart Sustainable Cities
	Social Innovation: An Instrument to Achieve the Sustainable Development of Communities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Social Innovations in Sustainable Development
		Social Innovation and Local Development of Communities: Enabling and Hindering Contextual Factors
		Social Innovation and Local Development of Communities: Positive and Negative Multi-scale Impacts
		International and European Framework Supporting Social Innovations in Sustainable Development
		Future Directions
		References
	Social Justice
	Spaces of the Commons
		Definition
		Introduction
		Historical Underpinnings
		Reaching New Realms
		The Convergent Types of Commons
		The Implicit Connection to the United Nations´ Development Goals
		A New Space of Shared Interest: The Urban Commons
		Heading Towards a Commons Paradigm
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Spatial Planning and Sustainable Cities and Communities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Spatial Planning: A Historic Overview
		Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development: International Trends
		Spatial Planning and Sustainability: A Critical Perspective
		Cross-References
		References
	Spatial Resilience in Planning: Meanings, Challenges, and Perspectives for Urban Transition
		Synonyms
		Definition
		The Roots of Spatial Resilience
			Strength and Weakness of the Resilience Concept
			The Theoretical Approaches to Resilience
		The Pillars of Spatial Resilience
			The Type of Disturbance
			The Genius Loci
			The Ability to Respond
			The Pathway of Response
		The Sustainable Development Goal 11 and Spatial Resilience
		Future Directions: Overcoming Gaps of Spatial Resilience
			Direction One: Structural Gap
			Direction Two: Technical Gap
			Direction Three: Policy Gap
		Cross-References
		References
	Spheres of Government
	Squatter Settlements and Slums and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Informal Urbanization and Urban Informality
		Informal Settlements: Characteristics of Squatter Settlements and Slums
		Theorizing Squatter Settlements and Slums
		Urban Policies and Planning for Squatter Settlements and Slums
			Squatter Settlements and Slum Upgrading
			Challenges of Squatter Settlements and Slums and Upgrading
		Squatter Settlements and Slums and Sustainable Development
		Way Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Stormwater Management: An Overview
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience
		Local Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
		Wetlands
		Ecosystem Services and Human Health
		Technological Capacities and Innovation
			Geospatial Technologies and Remote Sensing
			Computational Modeling
			Applications for Mobile Devices and Games
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Strategies for Inclusive Urban Renewal
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Transformations in Urban Form
		Context of Urban Renewal
		Inclusive Urban Renewal
			Strategies for Inclusive Urban Renewal
		Final Considerations
		References
	Strategies for the Promotion of Affordable Rural Housing
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Rural Housing
			Sustainable Rural Policies
			Sustainable Construction
			Economic Issues
			Developed Countries
			Developing Countries
			China
			India
		Conclusions
		References
	Sustainability
	Sustainability Appraisal
	Sustainability Assessment Using Governance Indicators
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Concepts
			Sustainability Assessment
			Governance
			Governance Indicators
		Sustainability Assessment Using Governance Indicators
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability Measure
	Sustainable and Resilient Cities: A Discourse on the Water Nexus
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable City: Characteristics and Ranking
		Sustainability Scholarship and Stewardship
		Nature-Based Solution
		Sustainable Water Management in Malaysia
			Stormwater Management
			Urban Lakes Management
			Coastal Water Management
		Example of an Unsustainable and Non-resilient City
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Building
	Sustainable Cities
	Sustainable Construction
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Development Planning in Cities
	Sustainable Energy Use
	Sustainable Municipal Management: Implementing Logic Model Concepts and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Municipal Management Using Logic Model Concepts and KPIs
			Implementation of Logic Model Concepts
				Logical Framework
				Program Evaluation
				Performance Measurement
				Logic Model
				Implementing the Logic Tree at the Policy Level
				Theory of Change Development
			Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Urban Governance: Power of Partnerships, Planning Process, Public Partnerships, and Performance Parameters
		Definitions
		Sustainable Urban Governance in Cities and Communities
			Introduction
				Background
			Our Cities and Communities
				Can Sustainable City or Community Change the Trajectory of the Current State of Our Cities?
			Urban Governance in Cities
				San Jose, California
				Baltimore, Maryland
				New York City, New York
			Implementing Sustainable Urban Governance and the SDGs in Cities
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Sustainable Urban Planning and Making Sustainable Cities
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Urban Planning
			Methods/Approaches to Urban Planning
			Philosophical Basis of Urban Planning
			Types of Urban Planning
			Theories of Urban Planning
		Sustainable Urban Planning
			Principles of Sustainable Development Planning
			Importance of Sustainable Urban Planning
			Scope of Sustainable Urban Planning
			Role of Urban Planners in Sustainability
			Strategies for Sustainable Urban Planning
			Challenges to Sustainable Urban Development and Planning
		Urban Planning and Sustainable (Urban) Development
		Way Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Urbanization in Africa: The Critical Enablers and Disablers
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Defining the Urban Space in African Cities
			Urbanization in Africa?
		Sustainable Urbanization amid Complexity
			Climate Change
			Infrastructure and Services
			Technology
			Urban Governance and Management
		Reflections from the Four Issues
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable, Fair, and Democratic Water Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Water Governance
		Water Justice
		Integrated Water Resources Management
		IWRM Through Water Governance and Water Justice for the Achievement of SDG 6
		Paths Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	System Dynamics for Sustainable Urban Planning
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		System Dynamics for Sustainable Urban Planning
		Urban Dynamics Structure
		Sustainability Challenges for Urban Dynamics
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
T
	Tangible, Intangible and Digital Stock Supply
	Tax Avoidance
	Tax Credit
	Technological Innovation for Creating Sustainable Cities and Communities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Research Background
			Sustainable Development Goals
			The Importance of Cities, Its Roles, and the Associated Challenges
			Technological Innovation as a Solution
			3D Printing
			Cloud Computing
			Internet of Things and Sensors
			Big Data Analytics (BDA)
			Artificial Intelligence
			Blockchain
		Methodology: Case Studies
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Tiers of Government
	Tourism
	Transdisciplinary
	Transition Communities
	Transition Initiative
	Transition Model
	Transition Network
	Transition Town-Communities and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Transition Theories and Methods
		The Transition Network and Its Seven Principles
		Raising Awareness, Building Resilience
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Transit-Oriented City
	Triple Bottom-Line Assessment
U
	Underground Economy
	Undivided
	Unlimited
	Unregulated Labor and Markets
	Unrestricted
	Urban Agriculture
	Urban Air Pollution and Environmental Health
		Definitions
			Types of Air Pollutants and Their Sources
				Gaseous Pollutants
				Organic Pollutants
				Particulate Matter (PM)
				Photochemical Smog
			Air Pollution-Related Health Effects and Mortality
			Susceptible Categories
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban and Rural Connectivity
	Urban Demographics and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Urban Demographics and Sustainability
			Introduction
			Development and Its Interaction with the Environment
			Economics, Culture and Demographic Dynamics
			Urbanization and Public Policies
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Development
	Urban Ecological Footprints
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Urbanization
			Urbanization, More than Just a City Expansion Process and Its Advantages
			Urbanization: Why It Puts on the Losing End
			Urbanization: Ecological Impacts
		Ecological Footprint
		Urban Ecological Footprint Calculations
		Urban Ecological Footprint Studies
		Urban Sustainability Challenges
			Ecological Implications
			Economic Implications
			Social Implications
			Political Implications
		Ecological Footprint Debates
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Ecology
	Urban Environment
	Urban Ethics
	Urban Farming and Its Role in Enhancing the Sustainability of Cities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
			Urban Farming Concept and Process
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Growth
	Urban Heritage Conservation and Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Urban Heritage Conservation and Development
		Urban Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Culture
		Paths Forward
		Beyond Urban Heritage Sustainable Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		Bibliography
	Urban Heterogeneity
	Urban Justice
	Urban Lifestyles and Consumption Patterns
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Syllabus: The Attraction of Cities
		Contemporary Urban Societies and Consumption
		The Influence of Urban Lifestyles on Disease
		Urban Sustainability
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Metabolism: A Tool to Accelerate the Transition to a Circular Economy
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Urban Metabolism
			Concept
			Urban Metabolism as a Tool for the Transition to a Circular Economy
			Portugal: Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region Case Study
			Netherlands: Rotterdam Region - IABR
		Conclusion
		References
	Urban Mitigation and Adaptation for Climate Change
		Definition
			Urban Mitigation and Adaptation for Climate Change
		Introduction
		Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience
			Adaptation
			Mitigation
			Resilience
		Climate Change Impact on Urban Areas
		Adaptation to Climate Change
			Obstacles to Adaptation
		Implementing Adaptation and Mitigation
			International Level
			National Level
			Local Level
			The Poor and Climate Change Adaptation
		Characteristics of a Resilient City
		Global Examples of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
		Challenges to Urban Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Mobility and Transportation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Planning for Sustainable Urban Mobility (SUMP)
		Instruments to Assess Sustainable Policies
		Sustainable Versus Smart Mobility
		Review of the Main Fields of Innovation in Transportation
			Shared Mobility
			Integrated Mobility
			MaaS: Mobility as a Service
			Mobility Budget
			Electric and Automated Vehicles
		Soft Mobility
		Urban Logistics
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Planning
	Urban Planning, Urban Design, and the Creation of Public Goods
		Definition
		The Emergence of Urban Planning and Design
		The Concept of Public Goods
		A Current Framework on Urban Planning and Design for the Creation of Public Goods
		Challenges for Providing Public Goods
			Public Investment for Public Goods
			Participatory Approach for Urban Planning and Design
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Pollution and Emission Reduction
		Definition
		Introduction
		Types of Urban Pollution
			Air Pollution
			Water/Freshwater, Marine, and Coastal Pollution
			Soil and Land Pollution
			Waste Pollution
			Noise Pollution
		Addressing Urban Pollution and Reducing Emissions
			The Role of Governments in Urban Pollution
			The Role of Entrepreneurs and Large Companies in Urban Pollution
			The Role of Citizens in Urban Pollution
		Potential Solutions for Urban Pollution
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Production and Consumption
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Environmental Concerns
		Increased Resource Consumption
		SCP and the Challenge of Restraining Consumption
		Oslo Symposium 1994
			The Agenda of the Developed Countries
			WSSD Agreement on JPOI on SCP
		Marrakesh Process on SCP
		Costa Rica Meeting 2005
		Stockholm Meeting 2007
		Leapfrogging
		Meeting the Unmet Needs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Quality
	Urban Redevelopment
	Urban Regeneration
	Urban Regeneration and Sustainable Housing Renewal Trends
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainable Urban Regeneration: Academic and Political Debate
		Urban Development and Regeneration Projects in Liverpool
		Regeneration Projects and SDGs
		Conclusion
		References
	Urban Renewal
	Urban Resilience
	Urban Simulation
	Urban Solid Waste Regularly Collected and Well Managed
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Waste Concept and Context
		Urban Solid Waste (USW)
		Integrated and Sustainable Management of USW
		USW Collection
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban Sustainability
	Urban Transition
	Urban Water and Sanitation
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainable Water Cities
		Evolution of Water Sustainability
			Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
			From Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			SDG, The New Agenda for Cities
		Are There Currently Sustainable Cities in the World?
		Conclusions
		References
	Urbanization and Urban Growth: Sustainable Cities for Safeguarding Our Future
		Urban Growth This Century
			Interpretation of Urban Growth Statistics
			Urbanization in Historic Context
			Present Challenges of Cities
		A Place for Planning
			Delineation and Planning
			Emergence of the Megacity
			Acknowledging the Informal
			The Planning Budget
		Global Vision for a Sustainable Future
			Sustainable Development Goals, Targets, and Indicators
			SDGs: Translation at the National Level
		Measuring Livability in Urban Development, Beyond GDP
		Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Urbanization Models
	Urban-Rural Nexus and the Dynamics of Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Some Dimensions of Urban-Rural Nexus
		Rurality and Transport: A Case Study
		Generating Partnerships for Urban-Rural Nexus and Sustainability
		References
V
	Value-Based Resource
W
	Waste Management
	Water Justice
	Well-Being
Y
	Young´s Modulus: Modulus of Elasticity
Z
	Zero Hunger