Sustainable Approaches in Textiles and Fashion: Fibres, Raw Materials and Product Development (Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry)

Contents
About the Editor
Importance of Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed) Fibers in Sustainable Fashion and Textile Industry and Its Potential End-Uses
	1 Introduction
	2 History of the Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed)
	3 Structure of the Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed) Plant
	4 Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed) Fibers
	5 Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed) Fiber Properties
		5.1 Mechanical Properties of Milkweed Fibers
		5.2 Thermal Behaviors of Milkweed Fiber
		5.3 Chemical Resistance of Milkweed Fibers
		5.4 Dyeability of Milkweed Fibers
		5.5 Spinnability of Milkweed Fibers
	6 Importance of Asclepias Syriaca (Milkweed) Fibers for the Sustainable Textile and Fashion Industry Application/Research Areas
		6.1 Daily Used Textile Products
		6.2 Technical Textiles
		6.3 Composites
		6.4 Promising End-Uses
	7 Conclusion
	References
Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Textile Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances
	3 Main Functions and Applications
	4 Applications in Textile
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Sustainable Agrotextile: Jute Needle-Punched Nonwoven Preparation, Properties and Use in Indian Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Nonwovens
		2.1 What is Nonwoven?
		2.2 Why Nonwoven Fabric?’
		2.3 Nonwoven Versus Woven
		2.4 Fibres for Nonwoven
		2.5 Why Jute?  [21, 43]
	3 Needle-Punching Nonwoven [20, 26]
		3.1 Web Formation
		3.2 Nonwoven Preparation
		3.3 Structure
		3.4 Properties
	4 Jute Needle-Punched Nonwoven in Agrotextiles
		4.1 Agricultural Mulch Fabric: Case Studies
		4.2 Application on Horticultural/Nursery Bag [17]
		4.3 Prefabricated Grass Mat from Jute Nonwoven
	5 Artificial Soil Substitute
	6 Use of Jute Nonwoven as Protective Cloth in Agriculture
		6.1 Survey on Potential
	7 Challenges and Limitations  [38, 42]
	8 Potentials and Economy  [38, 42]
	9 Conclusion
	References
Popularization of Agrowaste Fibres—Banana and Areca Nut Fibre—A Sustainable Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Agro-Waste Fibres
	3 Banana Pseudostem a Rich Source of Fibre
		3.1 Methods of Extraction
		3.2 Properties of Banana Fibre Extracted from Pseudostem
		3.3 Fibre Yield
		3.4 Dyeability of Banana Fibre
		3.5 Weaving of Banana Fabric
		3.6 Applications in Composite Industry
	4 Areca Nut Fibre
		4.1 Properties of Areca Nut Fibre
		4.2 Method of Extraction
		4.3 Dyeability of Areca Fibre
		4.4 Mechanical Properties
		4.5 Applications of Areca Fibre
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development of Union Fabrics from Lotus Petiole Waste
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Collection of Lotus Petioles
		1.2 Extraction of Fiber
		1.3 Preparation of Yarn
		1.4 Constructional Details of Union Fabrics
		1.5 Preparation of the Product
	2 Results and Discussions
		2.1 Construction of Fabrics
		2.2 Evaluation of the Constructed Fabrics
		2.3 Preparation of Product
	3 Conclusion
	References
Evaluating the Potential of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Fabrics and Its Blends for Sustainable Home Textile Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainable Fibres
	3 Pineapple Leaf Fibres (PALF)
		3.1 Extraction of PALF
		3.2 Properties of PALF
		3.3 Spinning of PALF
		3.4 Weaving of PALF
		3.5 Applications of PALF
	4 Materials and Methods
		4.1 Fibre Cutting and Softening
		4.2 Fibre Blending
		4.3 Fibre Morphological Structure
		4.4 Yarn Production
		4.5 Yarn Properties Testing
		4.6 Woven Fabric Production
		4.7 Sourced Commercial Fabrics
		4.8 Woven Fabric Properties Testing
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Morphological Structure of PALF
		5.2 Yarn Count and Twist
		5.3 Yarn Tenacity
		5.4 Yarn Elongation
		5.5 Yarn Evenness
		5.6 Yarn Imperfections
		5.7 Yarn Hairiness
		5.8 Yarn Quality Index (YQI)
		5.9 Statistical Significance of Yarn Properties Between PALF Cotton Blends
		5.10 Overall Assessment of the Produced Yarn Characteristics
		5.11 Woven Fabric Properties
		5.12 PALF Table Mat and Curtain
	6 Conclusions
	References
Production of Sustainable Banana Fibers from Agricultural Wastes and Their Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Banana Plant and Its Cultivation
	3 Banana Fibers and Their Production
		3.1 Banana Fiber Production with Retting Method
		3.2 Banana Fiber Production with Mechanical Methods
		3.3 Degumming Process of Banana Fibers
		3.4 Yarn Formation from Banana Fibers
	4 Chemical Structure of Banana Fibers
	5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Banana Fibers
	6 Applications Areas of Banana Fibers
	7 Conclusion
	References
Development of Sustainable Sound and Thermal Insulation Products from Unconventional Natural Fibres for Automobile Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Selection and Extraction Fibres
	3 Characterization of Fibres
		3.1 Physical Properties of Fibres
		3.2 Surface Morphology Using Scanning Electron Microscope
		3.3 Crystallinity of Fibres Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.4 Analysis of Chemical Groups by FTIR
		3.5 Thermal Properties of Fibres
		3.6 Preparation of Fibre and Web Formation
		3.7 Needle Punched Non-woven Production
	4 Characterization of Developed Non-woven
		4.1 Physical Characterization
		4.2 Thermal Conductivity by Lee’s Disc Method
		4.3 Sound Absorption Coefficient by Impedance Tube Method
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Physical Properties of Fibres
		5.2 Surface Morphology of Fibres Using SEM
		5.3 FTIR Analysis of Fibres
		5.4 Crystallinity of Fibres Using X-Ray Diffraction
		5.5 Thermal Properties of Fibres
		5.6 Characterization of Non-woven Fabrics
		5.7 Air Permeability and Thermal Conductivity of Non-woven Samples
		5.8 Acoustical Characteristics
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design and Development of Under Arm Sweat Pad
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sweat
		1.2 Sweat—Common Causes
		1.3 Body Odour
		1.4 Problems due to Sweating
		1.5 Sweat Pad
	2 Materials Used for Microencapsulation
		2.1 Core Material
		2.2 Coating Material
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Fabric Selection—Polyester
		3.2 Bamboo
		3.3 Material Details and Layers
		3.4 Microencapsulation
	4 Preparation of Micro-Capsules
		4.1 Padding Process
		4.2 Light Microscopy and SEM Analysis
	5 Design and Development of Underarm Sweat Pad
		5.1 Construction of Underarm Sweat Pad
		5.2 Underarm Sweat Pad with Body Straps
		5.3 Feedback Survey
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Air Permeability Test
		6.2 Moisture Vapour Transmission Test
		6.3 Vertical Wickability Test
		6.4 Antimicrobial Activity Test
		6.5 Antimicrobial Activity—Quantitative Analysis
		6.6 Washing Durability Test
		6.7 Survey Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Product Development Using Cornhusk Fibres—A Sustainable Initiative
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Natural Plant Fibres
		1.2 Textile and Non-textile Applications of Natural Cellulosic Fibres
		1.3 Unconventional Natural Cellulosic Fibres
		1.4 Corn and Cornhusk Fibres
		1.5 Various Applications of Corn in Textiles
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Manufacturing of Rope/Mats
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Yarn and Fabric Formation
		3.2 Manufacturing of Rope/Mats
	4 Conclusion
	References
Organic Cotton: Fibre to Fashion
	1 Introduction
	2 Cotton Fibre
		2.1 Facts About Conventional Cotton Cultivation
	3 Organic Clothing—Need of Future
	4 Organic Cotton
		4.1 Why Wear Organic?
	5 Cultivation of Organic Cotton
		5.1 Seed Preparation
		5.2 Soil Fertility
		5.3 Crop Rotation
		5.4 Cover Cropping
		5.5 Pest and Weed Management
		5.6 Harvesting
		5.7 Post-Harvesting Operations
	6 Advantages of Organic Cotton Cultivation
		6.1 Environmentally Friendly Technology
		6.2 Cultivation Cost Reduction
		6.3 Insecticide Resistance Management
	7 Advantages of Organic Cotton Fibre
	8 Roadmap for Organic Cotton
	9 Economic Viability of Organic Cotton
		9.1 Control of Pests
		9.2 The Most Difficult Challenge
	10 GOTS—Global Organic Textile Standards
		10.1 Certification Process of GOTS
	11 Organic Production Constraints
	12 World Organic Cotton Production
	13 Organic Fibre Properties
	14 Ginning
	15 Spinning of Organic Cotton Yarn
	16 Fabric Manufacturing
	17 Wet Processing of Organic Cotton Fabric
	18 Application of Enzymes in Organic Cotton Processing
		18.1 Enzyme Source
		18.2 Genetically Modified Organism
		18.3 Use of GMOs to Produce Enzymes
		18.4 GOTS—Prohibited/Restricted Inputs in All Production Stages During Organic Cotton Processing
		18.5 Alternatives to GMO Enzymes
	19 Garment Manufacturing
		19.1 Garment Manufacturing Process Flow Chart
		19.2 Waste Generation in the Apparel Industry: An Overview
		19.3 Zero Waste Concept
		19.4 Zero Waste Fashion Techniques for Organic Cotton Clothing
		19.5 Trims and Accessories
	20 Retailing
	21 Conclusion
	References