Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2022 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 336)

Organization
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Impact of Climate on Building Energy Performance, Urban Built Form and Urban Geometry
	1 Introduction: The Importance of Design with Climate
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Developing Geometrical Models of Different Built Forms
		2.2 Case Study Selection and Energy Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Impact of Cut-Off Angle in Different Climates
		3.2 Comparison of Different Climates
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Decision Support Tool for the Co-design of Energy and Seismic Retrofitting Solutions Within the e-SAFE Project
	1 Introduction
	2 The e-SAFE Renovation System and the Role of e-DSS
	3 Looking Inside the e-DSS
		3.1 Calculating the Energy Needs
		3.2 Choosing the Renovation Solutions
		3.3 Calculating Energy and Cost Savings
		3.4 e-DSS Architecture, Data Model and Protocols
	4 Limitations and Further Developments
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of the Morphological Influence of Canopy Roughness Space in Shenzhen and Harbin Main Urban Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Extraction
		3.2 Morphological Parameters
		3.3 Roughness Parameters
	4 Comparative Analysis of Canopy Roughness and Spatial Morphology
		4.1 Overview of the Study Area
		4.2 Planar Spatial Analysis
		4.3 Roughness Parameter Analysis
		4.4 Correlation Between Spatial Morphology and Roughness
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
The Impact of a Vertical Greening System on the Indoor Thermal Comfort in Lightweight Buildings and on the Outdoor Environment in a Mediterranean Climate Context
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Measurements
		2.2 ENVI-Met Calculations: Heat Transfer Through Multi-layer Walls
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Description of the Prefabricated Module
		3.2 Features of the Proposed Green Façade
		3.3 Simulation Model
		3.4 Investigated Wall Scenarios
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Bare Wall Versus Green Wall: Outer and Inner Surface Temperature
		4.2 Bare Wall Versus Green Wall: Indoor Air Temperature
	5 Conclusions
	References
Recycling Volcanic Ash and Glass Powder in the Production of Alkali Activated Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Waste Materials and Sustainability Issues
	3 Alkali Activated Composite with Volcanic Ash and Recycled Glass Powder
		3.1 Paste Preparation
		3.2 Test Method
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Mass Density
		4.2 Flexural and Compressive Strength
		4.3 Free Shrinkage
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Thermal Environment Retrofitting of Outdoor Activity Spaces in Old Settlements in Severe Cold Regions of China
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Measurements and Simulation Software Validation
		2.1 Study Site and Methods
		2.2 Evaluation of the Thermal Environment of the Outdoor Activity Space
		2.3 Evaluation of the Thermal Environment of the Outdoor Activity Space
		2.4 Simulation Software Validation
	3 Transformation Strategy
		3.1 Transformation Programme
		3.2 Summer UTCI Analysis
		3.3 Winter UTCI Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Laboratory Procedure to Determine Thermal Conductivity of Green Roof Substrates
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study on Residents\' Perception of Low-Carbon Policy and Its Influence on Low-Carbon Behavior Intention
	1 Introduction
	2 CHina\'s Policy Related to Residents’ Low Carbon Behavior
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Low-Carbon Behavior Intention of Residents
		4.2 The Residents’ Perception of Low-Carbon Policy
		4.3 The Influence of Low-Carbon Policy Perception on Behavior Intention
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Techno-Economic Effect of PV-BSS Size Under Various Supporting Schemes: A Replicable Method for Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Techno-Economic Indicators
		2.2 Simulation Specifications
		2.3 Analysis Types and Parameters Used
		2.4 Supporting Schemes
	3 Results
		3.1 Single Analysis
		3.2 Parametric Analysis: PV Size
		3.3 Parametric Analysis: BSS Size
	4 Conclusion
	References
Environmental Assessment, Cost Assessment and User Experience of Electric Excavator Operations on Construction Sites in Norway
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Life Cycle Assessment
		2.2 Life Cycle Costing
		2.3 Pilot Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Life Cycle Assessment
		3.2 Life Cycle Costing
		3.3 Pilot Testing
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Rapid Survey Form for Users’ Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment in Risk-Prone Built Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Built Environment Breakdown Analysis for the Users’ Quantification
		2.2 KPIs for the Users’ Exposure and Vulnerability Characterization
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Assessing People’s Efficiency in Workplaces by Coupling Immersive Environments and Virtual Sounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 IVE Scenario
		2.2 Audio Stimuli Generation
		2.3 Performance Test
		2.4 Survey
		2.5 Experimental Protocol
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Ecological Validity
		3.3 Sound Effects on Work Efficiency
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment Analysis of BEV/PHEV Recharge in a Residential Micro-Grid Based on Renewable Generation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Input Data and Statistical Analysis
		2.2 Definition of the Simulated Scenarios
		2.3 Micro-Grid Dynamic Modeling
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Using Phase Change Materials with Different Wall Orientations in a Classroom Building Under a Warm Temperate Climate
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Simulation Approach
		3.2 Climate Description
		3.3 Building Description
		3.4 PCM Description
	4 Results
		4.1 Energy Balance
		4.2 Operative Temperature
		4.3 Cooling Power Distribution
		4.4 Cooling Discomfort Hours
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Applications of Thermoelectricity in Buildings: From Energy Harvesting to Energy Management
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General Aspects of Thermoelectric Systems
		1.2 Thermoelectric Devices
		1.3 TEG Equivalent Circuit Modelling
	2 Energy Harvesting Solutions
		2.1 Power Supply to Sensors
		2.2 Building Air Heating
		2.3 Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems
	3 Cooling Solutions
		3.1 Building Envelope Cooling
		3.2 Solar Thermoelectric Cooling
		3.3 Building Air Cooling
	4 Personal Thermal Management
	5 Conclusions
	References
Natural and Recycled Stabilizers for Rammed Earth Material Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Base Materials
		2.2 Mix Design and Samples Manufacturing
		2.3 Testing Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Driving a Photovoltaic Panel in Manhattan with Well-Chosen Projections of the Reflections of the Mirror City
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Case
		2.1 A Point in Space
		2.2 A Point on the Plane
	3 Conclusions
	References
One Stop Shops on Housing Energy Retrofit. European Cases, and Its Recent Implementation in Spain
	1 General Framework of Housing Energy Retrofit in Europe
	2 Methodology
	3 Brief Synthesis of the Main Barriers to Energy Retrofit
	4 The OSS Situation in Europe
	5 The Recently Implemented OSS in Spain
	6 General Analysis, Discussion, and Final Comments
	References
Mitigating Multi-risks in the Historical Built Environment: A Multi-strategy Adaptive Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methods
		3.1 Multi-risks Identification for BETs
		3.2 Strategies Identification: Literature Overview and Expert Judgement
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 BETS Towards Multi-risk Scenario Combinations
		4.2 Potential Mitigation Strategies to Multi-risks for BETs
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sensorial Design—A Collaborative Approach for Architects and Engineers
	1 Introduction
	2 Aesthetics
	3 Proposed Research Methodology
	4 The Pilot Study—About to Commence
	5 The Questionnaire
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Hemplime Blocks: Innovative Solution for Green Buildings in Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Hemplime Blocks Production in Italy
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Have Population Growth and Economic Activity Converged Towards the Same Pattern in the Spanish Metropolises?
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Polycentrism in Spain
	3 Methodology, Study Cases and Data Used
	4 Evolution of the Population Spatial Distribution
	5 Evolution of the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity
	6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
A Community Housing Association’s Strategy for the Benchmarking, Reduction and Sequestration of Carbon Towards a Resilient and Globally Responsible Wales (UK)
	1 Introduction
	2 The Need for Housing Associations to Sequester Carbon
	3 Anticipated Outcomes
		3.1 Baseline Assessment of Organizational Embodied and Operational Carbon
		3.2 Annual CTHA Carbon Reduction Targets
		3.3 Evaluation of Best-Practice Agroforestry Carbon-Sequestration Options
		3.4 Social and commercial Opportunities for a CTHA Carbon Reduction and Land-Based Carbon Sequestration Strategy
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Management of Indoor Thermal Conditions in Heavy and Lightweight Buildings: An Experimental Comparison
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Aim of the Research
		2.2 Context and Case Studies
		2.3 Tests Performed and Instrumentation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Period 1
		3.2 Period 2
	4 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of the Thermal Effect of Two Automatic Controls of Roller Shutters in an Academic Space
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief Background on Roller Shutters
	3 Case Study
	4 Method and Tools
		4.1 Simulation Model and Settings
		4.2 Control Scheduling of Roller Shutters
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Energy Poverty and Heatwaves. Experimental Investigation on Low-Income Households’ Energy Behavior
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Case Studies
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Heatwave Identification
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Heatwaves Identification
		3.2 Thermal Response of Unoccupied Apartments in Free-Floating Conditions
		3.3 Households’ Energy Behavior During Heatwaves
	4 Conclusions
	References
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis on Urban Heat Island Intensity Using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Schema: The Case Study of Athens
	1 Introduction
	2 Phases, Materials, and Methods
		2.1 Phases
		2.2 The Urban Weather Generator
		2.3 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis on UHII
		2.4 Case Study
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Urban Microclimate Under Uncertainty Scenario
		3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Challenges in BiPV/PCM Façade System: Pathways Towards Numerical Modelling and Simulation Approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Building Energy Simulation and Modelling
	4 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling
	5 Discussions and Research Challenges
	6 Conclusion
	References
Integrating Vegetation and Cities: A Review of the Applicative Solutions from Technical Component to Planning Scale
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Buildings and Vegetation Synergy
		3.2 Building Materials from Biomasses
		3.3 Green Solutions for External Spaces
		3.4 Planning Practices and Green Development
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
RECsim—Virtual Testbed for Control Strategies Implementation in Renewable Energy Communities
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Simulation Environment
		2.1 Definition of Building Thermal Model
		2.2 Estimation of Domestic Hot Water Load
		2.3 Estimation of the Appliances Load
		2.4 Definition of the Heat Pump Model
		2.5 Definition of Gas-Fired/Electrical Heater Model
		2.6 Definition of the PV Model
		2.7 Definition of Thermal and Electrical Storage Model
		2.8 Action Space
		2.9 Reward Function
		2.10 Rule-Based Control
	3 Case Study
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Energy Retrofit and Fire Protection in Existing High-Rise Residential Buildings: A Case Study in Modena (Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Pilot Study to Evaluate Occupant Quality of Life in Optimised Retrofit Dwellings in Wales, UK
	1 Introduction
	2 The Need for Optimised Dwelling Retrofit for Quality of Life
		2.1 Carbon Reduction Targets for UK Housing
		2.2 Optimised Retrofit Programme: Pathfinder and Quality of Life
	3 Methodology for QoL Engagement in OR Dwellings
		3.1 Refinement to HSF36 Questionnaire
		3.2 Case Study for Occupant QoL Engagement
	4 Results
		4.1 Participants
		4.2 RAND Analysis and Data Interpretation
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
BIM-Based Workflow for Managing Multi-risk Factors of Open Spaces in Historical Built Environment
	1 Introduction and Research Aim
	2 BIM Modelling Strategies Based on Scan-to-BIM Process
		2.1 Case Study Rapid Point Cloud-Based Survey
		2.2 BIM Modelling Strategies
	3 Assessment of Risk Parameters in the BIM Process
		3.1 Preliminary Selection of Risk Parameters
		3.2 BE S2ECURe Property Set Implementation as Project Parameters Related to Specific BIM Family Categories
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Piazza Dei Priori BIM Modelling
		4.2 Implementation of Risk Parameters to Piazza Dei Priori BIM Model
	5 Conclusions and Insights
	References
Experimental Assessment of a Preliminary Rule-Based Data-Driven Method for Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Coils, Fans and Sensors in Air-Handling Units
	1 Introduction
	2 Fault Free and Faulty Experimental Testing Database
	3 Rule-Based Data-Driven Fault Detection and Diagnosis Method
		3.1 Rules for Detecting the AHU Operating Mode and the Valves’ Opening Percentage
		3.2 Rules for Detecting and Diagnosing the Supply/Return Air Fan Stuck
		3.3 Rules for Detecting and Diagnosing the Cooling/Post-heating Coil Valve Stuck
		3.4 Rules for Detecting and Diagnosing the Humidifier Valve Stuck
		3.5 Rules for Detecting and Diagnosing the Return Air Temperature/Relative Humidity Sensor Offset
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Bridging the Flexibility Concepts in the Buildings and Multi-energy Domains
	1 Introduction
	2 Concepts and Operational Aspects of Flexibility
		2.1 Flexibility in Power and Energy Systems
		2.2 Flexibility in Power System Operation and Grid Services
		2.3 Flexibility in Multi-energy Systems
		2.4 Flexibility in Buildings Applications
		2.5 Virtual Energy Storage
	3 Tools for Flexibility Analysis of Electrical Systems and MES
		3.1 The Minkowski Sum
		3.2 MES Feasibility, Flexibility and Profitability Regions
		3.3 The Energy Hub Model
		3.4 The Virtual Battery Model
		3.5 Power Node and Multi-energy Node
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Offsite Manufacturing of Timber-Frame Woodfibre Insulated Construction Systems for Nearly-to-Zero Carbon Dwellings in Wales, UK
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Reduction Targets for New UK Dwellings and OSM
		2.1 UK Carbon Reduction Targets
		2.2 OSM of MMC Using Natural and Renewable Materials
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Gwynfaen Farm Case Study
		3.2 Refinement to OSM Processes for Insulating MMC Panel Systems
	4 Results: In-Factory Outcomes of Refinement to OSM Processes for Woodfibre Insulated MMC Panel Systems
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Energy Communities: The Concept of Waste to Energy-CHP Based District Heating System for an Italian Residential District
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Case Study
		2.2 Plant Description
		2.3 Case Study Energy Requirements
	3 Results
		3.1 PV Plant Results
		3.2 WtE Plant Results
		3.3 H2 Plant Results
		3.4 Economic Analysis
	4 Discussions and Conclusion
	References
Renewable Energy System Applied to Social Housing Building in Mediterranean Climate
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Case Study
		2.2 Building Validation
		2.3 Proposal for a Hybrid Heat Pump System with RES Integration
		2.4 Energy Background
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Current Situation: Thermal Behaviour and Energy Consumption
		3.2 Energy Saving Potentials of Bivalent and PV-Assisted Hybrid Systems
		3.3 Benefits of RES Integration
	4 Conclusion
	References
Cyclic Lateral Load Test of a Wall with Timber Frame Structure and Lightearth Envelope
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Hysteretic Behavior
		4.2 Envelope Curve
		4.3 System Allowable Capacities
	5 Conclusions
	References
Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Control of an Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 T-S Fuzzy Model of an Interleaved Boost Converter
	3 T-S Fuzzy Controller Synthesis
	4 Simulation and Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Correction to: Impact of Climate on Building Energy Performance, Urban Built Form and Urban Geometry
	Correction to: Chapter “Impact of Climate on Building Energy Performance, Urban Built Form and Urban Geometry” in: J. Littlewood and R. J. Howlett (Eds.): SEB 2022, SIST 336, pp. 1–11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8769-41
Author Index